Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ... Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

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27 Ibd. 28 MEST 2009/ 2010. 29 SOK 2002-2008. 30 MEST 2009/ 2010 and SOK 2002-2008. 31 IMF Country Report No. 10/245, July 2010. Chapter 2 32 See World Bank, Kosovo Economic Memorandum, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, European and Central Asia Region, Report No: 28023 KOS, 2004. 33 Domestic credit increased from 892 million Euros as of December 2007 to 1,183 million Euros in December 2008 amounting to a yearly increase of 32.6% (Central Bank of Kosovo, Monthly Bulletin, May 2009). 34 All growth rates except for the CPI are given in constant prices. 35 Statistical Office of Kosovo, Labour Force Survey 2008, 2009. 36 Disproportionally affecting youth, women and long term unemployed. 37 See UNDP, “Early Warning Report” Fast Facts Nr. 25, 26, 27, 2009. 38 Statistical Office of Kosovo, Labour Force Survey 2008, 2009. 39 Living below the poverty line of EUR 1.42 per adult equivalent per day in 2002 prices. 40 Living below the extreme (food) poverty line of EUR 0.93 per day in 2002 prices. 41 The two-third of all the poor lived in rural areas based on the World Bank Poverty Assessment report (World Bank, 2007). 42 Kosovo Mosaic Survey was 2009 conducted with 6,400 households from 33 municipalities. The survey collected primary data through face-to-face interviews using a custom-designed research tool. Each of Kosovo’s thirty-three municipalities was assigned a proportional number of respondents based on population figures and the sample was split equally between urban and rural areas, to reflect the differing nature of Kosovo’s human complexion and to ensure that the sample is representative of the whole of Kosovo. 43 Kosovo Remittances Study, UNDP Kosovo, 2010. 44 When the World Bank calculates that in the absence of social assistance, poverty is higher by about 2 percentage points; whereas in the absence of pensions poverty is higher by about 4 percentage points (See World Bank 2007). 45 The social protection system in Kosovo comprises social assistance benefits, a basic pension system and disability pensions, complemented by special schemes for war invalids. The World Bank calculates that in the absence of the social assistance, poverty would be higher by about 2 percentage points; whereas in the absence of pensions poverty would be higher by about 4 percentage points (See World Bank 2007). 46 While basic pension system is paid to each individual above 65 year age in amount of EUR 40, social assistance benefits are paid to households in average amount of EUR 60 (See White Paper on Social Policies, 2009). 47 Specifically, over 75 percent of the poor are not reached by the social assistance program. The social protection programmes provided income support to some 8 percent of the population that is, about 2 percent by social assistance and 6 percent by pensions. The poverty-targeted social assistance benefit reaches only 22 percent of very poor households and 16 percent of poor households, while the basic pension reaches 94 percent of those 65 (See World Bank 2007). 48 According to the World Bank Poverty Assessment about 1 in 5 Kosovans report having at least one household member who is a migrant abroad, just as many reported having received remittances from abroad. By comparison only 13 percent of the population receives social assistance benefits (World Bank 2007). 49 The data from the table 2.5 showed that 30.2 percent of those households excluded from basic goods and services have one employed member. Similarly, 28.7 percent of those unable to meet their critical needs are poor despite access to both land and the labour market. 50 See Khan, A. (2005). 51 The World Bank Poverty Assessment in 2007 reports a growing inequality for Kosovo, especially in rural areas. The most commonly reported measure of inequality (the Gini index) increased from 27 percent to 30 percent in 2005. 52 Currently, the private sector in Kosovo is dominated by micro-enterprises and continues to be heavily oriented towards small-scale trading and low-value-added services. According to Business Registration (ARBK) statistics, there are around 90,000 registered businesses in Kosovo, of which 98% are micro-enterprises. Most firms are organized as sole proprietorships (91%) and partnerships (3.3%), employing less than five workers. In terms of sectoral distribution, of the 90,000 firms registered, about 56% are engaged in trade, hotels and restaurants, 9.4% are in manufacturing, and 1.8% are in agriculture (SME Agency: Annual Report in 2009). 53 Doing Business 2010, Reforming Through Difficult Times, World Bank & IFC, a Co-publication of Pulgrave Macmillan, IFC and the World Bank, 2009. 54 See World Bank 2007. 55 See SOK, Labour Force Surveys 2004- 2008. 56 An Overview of Business Owned by women in 2006, SHE-ERA, Women Entrepreneurs in Kosovo: Research Paper, 2006. 57 See SHE-ERA (2006). 58 See World Bank (2010). 59 In 2008, only 4 percent of business credits were channelled into the agriculture sector: see Central Bank of Kosovo, Monthly Statistics Bulletin, December 2008. 60 World Bank Report on Enhancing Job Opportunities in Eastern Europe and CIS, 2005. 61 Smallholder farming is defined as operating a farm of 2 hectares and less. 62 Extension services are non-formal educational program implemented and designed to help people use researchbased knowledge to improve their agricultural production or life. The services are usually provided by the state’s designated institutions. In most states the educational offerings are in the areas of agriculture and food, home and family, the environment, community economic development and youth. 63 Exposure to uninsured risks – the result of natural disaster or weather change and price volatility- has high efficiency and welfare cost for rural households and little progress has been made in reducing uninsured risks in smallholder agriculture. 64 Child Poverty in Kosovo - Policy Options Paper, UNICEF 2010. 108 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010

65 USAID and Swiss Cooperation Office have supported SHE-ERA and FINCA – a micro finance institution- in promotion of women entrepreneurship in Kosovo. The business-training component is being conducted by SHE-ERA, while the credit is provided by FINCA. The “Women to Women” civil society organization is also supporting women interested to start their business with training and partial grant scheme. Chapter 3 66 Kosovo Mosaic Survey, UNDP 2009. 67 Global Monitoring Report: Literacy for Life, UNESCO 2006. Retrieved at: http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/ reports/2006-literacy/. 68 Early Warning Report Kosovo 2010, Nr. 28. 69 IIEP, Parallel worlds, Rebuilding the education system in Kosovo, UNESCO, M. Sommers & P. Buckland, ,2004 70 For more on parallel systems of education in Kosovo, see Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Mission in Kosovo, Department of Human Rights, Decentralization and Communities, Parallel Structures in Kosovo, 2006-2007, available at http://www.osce.org/documents/mik/2007/04/23925_en.pdf. 71 Parallel worlds, Rebuilding the education system in Kosovo, UNESCO, IIEP, 2004. 72 Ibid. 73 See www.kuvendikosoves.org: • Law on Primary and Secondary Education on Kosovo No.2002/2 • Law on the Higher Education in Kosovo no.2002/3 • Law for Adult Education and Training No. 02/L-24 • Law on Professional Education and Empowerment No.02/L-42 • Law On Preschool Education No.02/L-52 • Law on education in the municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo No. 03/L-068. 74 The Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008, Article 47. 75 See http://www.gazetazyrtare.com/e-gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=155&Itemid=56&lang =en 76 Gender Review in Education in Kosovo, UNICEF, MEST, SOK, 2003. 77 In the report the high percentages of enrolment rates have been explained by high level of migration in 1998 and 1999 (p.35). 78 The Assembly of Republic of Kosovo, White Paper, Kosovo Social Inclusion Challenges, October 2009. 79 HRD Country analyses for Western Balkan countries-Kosovo, ETF, 2008. 80 The statistics from different sources on higher education in Kosovo are at times contradicting and confusing. An explanation for this might be on the different methodology used particularly in regard with the length of the studies a student is considered “active” or enrolled. E.g. the length of studies in the public university is frequently longer than the nominal length of studies. 81 Child Poverty in Kosovo, Policy Options Paper – UNICEF 2010. 82 The Central Bank of Kosovo has not issued yet PPP for Kosovo. Yet, it may be safely assumed that PPP in Kosovo makes inaccessible many school related expenses and, for a considerable number of families in Kosovo, the education of their children as a whole. 83 Mapping Policies and Practices for the Preparation of Teachers for Inclusive Education in Contexts of Social and Cultural Diversity Country Report for Kosovo, 2009. 84 Assessment of basic education/pre university education in Kosovo, USAID, 2009. 85 Social Inclusion Challenges, The Assembly of Republic of Kosovo White Paper, October 2009. 86 See http://www.masht-gov.net. The Strategy for Education for Rural People in Kosovo (2004 – 2009), • The Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in Kosovo (2005–2015); • The Strategy for the Development of Pre-University Education in Kosovo (2007–2017); • The Strategy for Integration of Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo (Education component 2007–2017); • The Vocational Training Strategy2005–2007; • The National Strategy for Entrepreneurship Education and Training, Mainstreaming with Europe – an Adult Education Strategy for Kosovo (2005–2015). 87 e.g. MEST has, in May 2010, distributed for comments the new draft of the Law on Higher Education. 88 Tregu i punës dhe papunësia në Kosovë, RIINVEST, 2003. 89 HRD Country analyses for Western Balkan countries-Kosovo, ETF, 2008. 90 Dukagjin Pupovci, Director, KEC, 2010. 91 Country Review of Human Capital Development in Serbia, ETF working paper, October 2009. 92 UNESCO, Institute for Statistics Data Centre, 2006. 93 Treguesit dhe të dhënat statistikore në arsim 2004/05, 05/06, 06/07, MASHT, 2008. 94 White Paper: Kosovo Social Inclusion Challenges, The Assembly of Republic of Kosovo, 2009. 95 It has to be noted that some professional schools changed to yet a different model of 5+4+4, e.g. secondary school of medicine. 96 Gender Review in Education in Kosovo, UNICEF, MEST, SOK, 2003. 97 Some of these points are taken from Assessment of basic education/pre university education in Kosovo, USAID, 2009. 98 Priorities for Action Education and Equity, OECD, Policy Brief 2004. 99 IIEP Parallel worlds, Rebuilding the education system in Kosovo, UNESCO, M. Sommers & P. Buckland, 2004 100 Assessment of basic education/pre university education in Kosovo, USAID, 2009. 101 Handikos – Kosovo’s primary organization for people with special needs. 102 2008 Human Rights Report: USDos, Kosovo February 2009. Notes| 109

65 USAID and Swiss Cooperation Office have supported SHE-ERA and FINCA – a micro finance institution- in promotion<br />

of women entrepreneurship in <strong>Kosovo</strong>. The business-training component is being conducted by SHE-ERA,<br />

while the credit is provided by FINCA. The “Women to Women” civil society organization is also supporting women<br />

interested to start their business with training and partial grant scheme.<br />

Chapter 3<br />

66 <strong>Kosovo</strong> Mosaic Survey, <strong>UNDP</strong> 2009.<br />

67 Global Monitoring <strong>Report</strong>: Literacy for Life, UNESCO 2006. Retrieved at: http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/<br />

reports/2006-literacy/.<br />

68 Early Warning <strong>Report</strong> <strong>Kosovo</strong> <strong>2010</strong>, Nr. 28.<br />

69 IIEP, Parallel worlds, Rebuilding the education system in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, UNESCO, M. Sommers & P. Buckland, ,2004<br />

70 For more on parallel systems of education in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, see Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,<br />

Mission in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, Department of <strong>Human</strong> Rights, Decentralization and Communities, Parallel Structures in <strong>Kosovo</strong>,<br />

2006-2007, available at http://www.osce.org/documents/mik/2007/04/23925_en.pdf.<br />

71 Parallel worlds, Rebuilding the education system in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, UNESCO, IIEP, 2004.<br />

72 Ibid.<br />

73 See www.kuvendikosoves.org:<br />

• Law on Primary and Secondary Education on <strong>Kosovo</strong> No.2002/2<br />

• Law on the Higher Education in <strong>Kosovo</strong> no.2002/3<br />

• Law for Adult Education and Training No. 02/L-24<br />

• Law on Professional Education and Empowerment No.02/L-42<br />

• Law On Preschool Education No.02/L-52<br />

• Law on education in the municipalities of the Republic of <strong>Kosovo</strong> No. 03/L-068.<br />

74 The Constitution of the Republic of <strong>Kosovo</strong>, 2008, Article 47.<br />

75 See http://www.gazetazyrtare.com/e-gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=155&Itemid=56&lang<br />

=en<br />

76 Gender Review in Education in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, UNICEF, MEST, SOK, 2003.<br />

77 In the report the high percentages of enrolment rates have been explained by high level of migration in 1998 and<br />

1999 (p.35).<br />

78 The Assembly of Republic of <strong>Kosovo</strong>, White Paper, <strong>Kosovo</strong> Social Inclusion Challenges, October 2009.<br />

79 HRD Country analyses for Western Balkan countries-<strong>Kosovo</strong>, ETF, 2008.<br />

80 The statistics from different sources on higher education in <strong>Kosovo</strong> are at times contradicting and confusing. An<br />

explanation for this might be on the different methodology used particularly in regard with the length of the<br />

studies a student is considered “active” or enrolled. E.g. the length of studies in the public university is frequently<br />

longer than the nominal length of studies.<br />

81 Child Poverty in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, Policy Options Paper – UNICEF <strong>2010</strong>.<br />

82 The Central Bank of <strong>Kosovo</strong> has not issued yet PPP for <strong>Kosovo</strong>. Yet, it may be safely assumed that PPP in <strong>Kosovo</strong><br />

makes inaccessible many school related expenses and, for a considerable number of families in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, the education<br />

of their children as a whole.<br />

83 Mapping Policies and Practices for the Preparation of Teachers for Inclusive Education in Contexts of Social and<br />

Cultural Diversity Country <strong>Report</strong> for <strong>Kosovo</strong>, 2009.<br />

84 Assessment of basic education/pre university education in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, USAID, 2009.<br />

85 Social Inclusion Challenges, The Assembly of Republic of <strong>Kosovo</strong> White Paper, October 2009.<br />

86 See http://www.masht-gov.net. The Strategy for Education for Rural People in <strong>Kosovo</strong> (2004 – 2009),<br />

• The Strategy for the <strong>Development</strong> of Higher Education in <strong>Kosovo</strong> (2005–2015);<br />

• The Strategy for the <strong>Development</strong> of Pre-University Education in <strong>Kosovo</strong> (2007–2017);<br />

• The Strategy for Integration of Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Communities in <strong>Kosovo</strong> (Education component<br />

2007–2017);<br />

• The Vocational Training Strategy2005–2007;<br />

• The National Strategy for Entrepreneurship Education and Training, Mainstreaming with Europe – an Adult Education<br />

Strategy for <strong>Kosovo</strong> (2005–2015).<br />

87 e.g. MEST has, in May <strong>2010</strong>, distributed for comments the new draft of the Law on Higher Education.<br />

88 Tregu i punës dhe papunësia në Kosovë, RIINVEST, 2003.<br />

89 HRD Country analyses for Western Balkan countries-<strong>Kosovo</strong>, ETF, 2008.<br />

90 Dukagjin Pupovci, Director, KEC, <strong>2010</strong>.<br />

91 Country Review of <strong>Human</strong> Capital <strong>Development</strong> in Serbia, ETF working paper, October 2009.<br />

92 UNESCO, Institute for Statistics Data Centre, 2006.<br />

93 Treguesit dhe të dhënat statistikore në arsim 2004/05, 05/06, 06/07, MASHT, 2008.<br />

94 White Paper: <strong>Kosovo</strong> Social Inclusion Challenges, The Assembly of Republic of <strong>Kosovo</strong>, 2009.<br />

95 It has to be noted that some professional schools changed to yet a different model of 5+4+4, e.g. secondary<br />

school of medicine.<br />

96 Gender Review in Education in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, UNICEF, MEST, SOK, 2003.<br />

97 Some of these points are taken from Assessment of basic education/pre university education in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, USAID,<br />

2009.<br />

98 Priorities for Action Education and Equity, OECD, Policy Brief 2004.<br />

99 IIEP Parallel worlds, Rebuilding the education system in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, UNESCO, M. Sommers & P. Buckland, 2004<br />

100 Assessment of basic education/pre university education in <strong>Kosovo</strong>, USAID, 2009.<br />

101 Handikos – <strong>Kosovo</strong>’s primary organization for people with special needs.<br />

102 2008 <strong>Human</strong> Rights <strong>Report</strong>: USDos, <strong>Kosovo</strong> February 2009.<br />

Notes|<br />

109

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