3658943594

2. Stuart Chase (1888–1985), economist who investigated the U.S. meat-packing industry
and served with the Labor Bureau Inc. Orwell probably refers to his The Tyranny of Words (1938).
Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels
1. Sir Alan P. Herbert (1890–1971; Knight, 1945), humorist, novelist, dramatist,
represented Oxford University as an Independent MP, 1935–1950. G. M. Young (1882–1959), civil
servant until his resignation after World War I; then author, historian, and editor. Godfrey Elton, 1st
Baron Elton (1892–1977), author and broadcaster.
2. W H. Mallock (1849–1923), author of The New Republic (1877) and The New Paul
and Virginia (1878).
3. "Timothy Shy" was D. B. Wyndham Lewis, who wrote this column in the News
Chronicle; "The Brains Trust" was a popular BBC program in which a panel discussed questions
submitted by listeners.
4. Monsignor Ronald Knox (1888–1957), Roman Catholic priest and, for many people,
an unofficial spokesman for that church. Bertrand Russell (1872–1970; 3rd Earl Russell, 1931),
philosopher and mathematician, joint author, with A. N. Whitehead, of Principia Mathematica
(1910–1913). A pacifist during World War I (he was imprisoned for six months), he renounced
pacifism in 1939 because of the growth of Fascism. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in
1950.
Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool
1. Tulips seem to have originated in Turkey. A mania for them struck Holland in the
seventeenth century with devastating financial results. In Alkmaar, in 1639, 120 tulip bulbs were sold
for 90,000 florins; a single bulb, the Viceroy, fetched 4,203 guilders. In the eighteenth century, such
was the economic damage being caused, the government stopped the tulip traffic. Orwell may have
known the novel, La Tulipe Noire (1850) by Alexandre Dumas. An abridged version was often set for
schoolboys to read (in French).
2. George Warwick Deeping (see n. 28,367.), prolific and popular novelist. Perhaps his
best-known work is Sorrell and Son (1925; New York, 1926). In Keep the Aspidistra Flying it looks
as if Orwell originally intended to have Gordon Comstock call the novels of Warwick Deeping and of
Ethel M. Dell "garbage." This was, however, suppressed on legal advice.
*Hard Times was published as a serial in Household Words and Great Expectations and
A Tale of Two Cities in All the Year Round. Forster says that the shortness of the weekly instalments
made it "much more difficult to get sufficient interest into each." Dickens himself complained of the
lack of "elbow-room." In other works, he had to stick more closely to the story [Orwell's footnote].
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