3658925934

Talcott Parsons, “A Revised Analytical Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification,” in Parsons, Essays in Sociological Theory,
rev. ed. (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1954), pp. 386–439. See also Suzanne Keller, Beyond the Ruling Class (New York: Random House,
1963).
92 See part III, 9, below; and Laws, p. 234.
93 Max Weber, “Class, Status, Party,” in Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 180–95.
94 See part VII, below.
95 Clark, Institutionalization of Innovations in Higher Education.
96 Part VII, below.
97 It is remarkable to note how many elements of the theory of deviance developed by Merton and Cloward and Ohlin are contained
in Tarde’s observations. See Robert K. Merton, “Anomie, Anomia, and Social Interaction: Contexts of Deviant Behavior,” in Anomie
and Deviant Behavior, ed. Marshall B. Clinard (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), pp. 213–42.
98 Part VII, below.
99 Cf. Terry N. Clark, “Henri de Tourville,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan and Free
Press, 1968).
100 “Foules et sectes au point de vue criminel,” Revue des Deux Mondes 332 (1893):349ff.
101 “The Public and the Crowd,” this volume.
102 Ibid.
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid.
105 Part IX, below.
106 Tarde, L’opinion et la foule, pp. 70–71.
107 See Georg Simmel, The Web of Group-Affiliations (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955) ; and Kurt H. Wolff, ed., The Sociology of
Georg Simmel (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1950), esp. pp. 87–180.
108 See Raymond Aron, La société industrielle et la guerre (Paris: Plon, 1959), for a discussion of Comte, Veblen, and Schumpeter
which stresses that like Tarde they shared the nineteenth century’s optimistic view that war was a barbarous anachronism that would
disappear with advancing industrialization.
109 Cf. Tarde, L’opinion et la foule, pp. 15, 16, 20, 61, 76.
110 In addition to his pronouncements in L’opinion et la foule, Tarde went beyond the limits of his scholarly work in a fanciful
discussion of a utopia founded to support continual conversation among highly educated and socially sophisticated individuals. See
Fragments d’histoire future (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1905), translated as Underground Man, preface by H. G. Wells (London: Duckworth,
1905).
111 For an overview, see Elihu Katz, “The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis,” Public
Opinion Quarterly 22 (1957): 61–78.
112 “Opinion and Conversation,” this volume.
113 “L’opinion et la conversation,” in L’opinion et la foule, pp. 82–83.
114 In commenting on American sociologists’ ignorance of Tarde’s Psychologie économique, Everett C. Hughes remarks that the
same is true of his essay on conversation. Hughes, “Tarde’s Psychologie Economique: An Unknown Classic by a Forgotten
Sociologist,” American Journal of Sociology 66 (May, 1961): 553–59.
115 At different points Tarde refers thus to conversation: “cette fleur esthétique des civilisations,” L’opinion et la foule, p. 84. “ . . .
occuponsnous plus à loisir de la conversation cultivée comme un art spécial et un plaisir exquis,” ibid., p. 110. “La conversation est mère
de la politesse,” ibid., p. 141. “La conversation a été le berceau de la critique littéraire,” ibid., p. 146.
116 “Opinion and Conversation.”
117 See Tarde, Psychologie économique (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1902), 2:30 and L’opinion et la foule, pp. 126–27, 137–38.
118 Psychologie économique, 2:30–31.
119 Ibid., p. 34.
120 “Opinion and Conversation.”
121 Tarde, La Philosophie pénale (Paris: Masson, 1890), p. 328.
122 Ibid., pp. 330–31. Emphases added.
123 Ibid., p. 329.
124 See Robert K. Merton, “Patterns of Influence: Local and Cosmopolitan Influentials,” Social Theory and Social Structure
(Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1957), pp. 387–420; Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955);
Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962). Rogers, incidentally, opens his study with a
quotation from Tarde.
125 On the architectonics of intellectual stature, see Robert K. Merton, On the Shoulders of Giants (New York: Free Press of
Glencoe, 1965).
126 A framework for analyzing “discontinuities” as well as “continuities” of intellectual currents is presented in Terry N. Clark,
“Discontinuities in Social Research: The Case of the Cours élémentaire de statistique administrative,” Journal of the History of the
Behavioral Sciences 3, no. 1 (January, 1967): 3–16.