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Notes
Introduction
1 On Tarde’s life, see Gabriel Tarde, Introduction et pages choisies par ses fils, preface by Henri Bergson (Paris: Louis Michard,
1909); Alfred Espinas, “Notice sur la vie et les œuvres de M. Gabriel de Tarde,” Séances et Travaux de l’Académie des Sciences
Morales et Politiques 174 (1910), 309–422; Terry N. Clark, “Gabriel Tarde,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
(New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968).
2 See the Bibliography at the end of the volume for Tarde’s publications.
3 Introduction et pages choisies par ses fils.
4 The character of some of these statistical activities is examined in Terry N. Clark, “Social Research and Its Institutionalization in
France: A Case Study,” Indian Sociological Bulletin 4, no. 4 (July, 1967): 235–54.
5 The teaching and research institutions, journals, and societies referred to here are discussed in more detail in Terry N. Clark,
Institutionalization of Innovations in Higher Education: Social Research in France, 1850–1914, forthcoming.
6 In contrast to a scientific modesty shown in his more serious works, this small œuvre de vulgarisation was unexcelled in its
bombast. As a summary of lectures to a general public, it carries the indelible stamp of simplification and overstatement. That many
writers commenting on Tarde, especially Americans, refer to him as immodest suggests that they have not gone far beyond this work—
the first to be translated into English, and one too often cited by English-speaking writers as an outstanding summary of his entire
contribution. No doubt Social Laws has greater unity than his longer studies and brings together ideas that are scattered throughout the
longer works; but it is too often content with superficiality. The serious reader should avoid it for anything other than a brief introduction.
7 A valuable collection of unpublished materials on Tarde, dealing with such matters as his nomination to the Collège de France and his
relations with Bergson, is on file in the library of the Centre d’Etudes Sociologiques in Paris.
8 The traditions of Cartesianism and Spontaneity are elaborated with greater detail and supporting documentation in Clark,
Institutionalization of Innovations in Higher Education, chap. 1, “Culture, Social Structure, and Intellectual Currents in Nineteenth-
Century France.”
9 Albert Thibaudet, quoted in F. A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955), p. 113.
10 M. Goyau, Comment juger la “sociologie” contemporaine (Marseilles: Editions Publioror, 1934), p. 184.
11 (Paris: Mercure de France, 1911), pp. 98–100.
12 See Clark, Institutionalization of Innovations, for discussion of these various clusters of researchers.
13 Cf., inter alia, Tarde, “Sociology,” this volume; and Durkheim’s prefaces to the early volumes of the Année Sociologique, reprinted
in translation in Emile Durkheim, 1858–1917, ed. Kurt H. Wolff (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1960), pp. 341–353.
14 Cf. Tarde, “Sociology,” this volume; Emile Durkheim, prefaces to the Année Sociologique and The Rules of Sociological
Method (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938). (First published in 1894.)
15 Tarde, Social Laws (New York and London: Macmillan, 1899), pp. 30ff.
16 Tarde, Preface to La logique sociale; Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Macmillan, 1933). (First
edition published in 1893.)
17 These were articulated, among other places, in the four selections in Part I of the present volume; in Durkheim’s Rules of
Sociological Method; and in the exchange on “Crime et santé sociale,” Revue Philosophique 39 (1895).
18 As Parsons has suggested. See Talcott Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937), still the best
single secondary account of Durkheim.
19 Especially in his Education and Sociology, The Moral Education, and The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. See also
Harry Alpert, Émile Durkheim and His Sociology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939) on this point.
20 See section x, below.
21 Tarde, “Two Elements of Sociology,” this volume; Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society.
22 Tarde, “Two Elements of Sociology.”
23 Parsons, The Structure of Social Action.
24 Ibid., chap. 2.
25 J. W. Burrow, Education and Society, A Study in Victorian Social Theory (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1966)
particularly stresses the utilitarian tradition in British social thought.
26 See D. G. Charlton, Positivist Thought in France During the Second Empire, 1852–1870 (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1959).
27 Part II, 5, below; and Gabriel Tarde, Social Laws (New York and London: Macmillan, 1899), pp. 30ff.
28 Part IX, 17, below.
29 Part III, 9, below.
30 Part III, 10, below; Tarde, Social Laws, pp. 51ff.
31 Part II, 5, below.