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and one of which is crowded back by the other, or between two terms or idioms which correspond to the same idea. This struggle is a conflict between opposite theses implicit in every word or idiom which tends to substitute itself for another word or grammatical form. . . . The conclusion of society’s logical duel occurs in three different ways. (1) It quite often happens that one of the two adversaries is suppressed merely by the natural prolongation of the other’s progress. For example, the Phœnician writing had only to continue to spread to annihilate the cuneiform. The petroleum lamp had only to be known to cause the brazier of nut oil, a slight modification of the Roman lamp, to fail into disuse in the shanties of Southern France. Sometimes, however, a moment arrives when the progress of even the favoured rival is checked by some increasing difficulty in dislodging the enemy beyond a certain point. Then, (2) if the need of settling the contradiction is felt strongly enough, arms are restored to, and victory results in the violent suppression of one of the two duellists. Here may be easily classed the case in which an authoritative, although non-military, force intervenes, as happened in the vote of the Council of Nicaea in favor of the Athanasian creed, or in the conversion of Constantine to Christianity, or as happens in any important decision following upon the deliberations of a dictator or assembly. In this case, the vote or decree, like the victory in the other case, is a new external condition which favors one of the two rival theses or volitions at the expense of the other and disturbs the natural play of spreading and competing imitations somewhat as a sudden climatic change resulting from a geological accident in a given locality disturbs the propagation of life by preventing the multiplication of some naturally fertile animal or vegetal species and by facilitating that of others which otherwise had been less prolific. Finally, (3) the antagonists are often seen to be reconciled, or one of them is seen to be wisely and voluntarily expelled through the intervention of some new discovery or invention. . . . Now that we have discussed the inventions and discoveries which fight and replace each other, I have to deal with those which aid and add to each other. It must not be inferred from the order I have followed that progress through substitution originally preceded progress through accumulation. In reality, the latter necessarily preceded, just as it plainly follows, the former. The latter is both the alpha and the omega; the former is but a middle term. . . . But we should not overlook the fact that the kind of accumulation which precedes substitution by means of logical duels is different from that which follows it. The first kind consists of a weak aggregation of elements whose principal bond lies in not contradicting one another; the second, in a vigorous group of elements which not only do not contradict one another, but, for the most part, confirm one another. And this should be so, because of the continually growing need of strong and comprehensive belief. From what has preceded we can already see the truth of this remark; it will presently become still more apparent. I will show that along all lines there are two distinct kinds of inventions or discoveries, those that are capable of indefinite accumulation (although they may also be replaced) and those that, after a certain degree of accumulation has been reached, must, if progress is to continue, be replaced. Now, the distribution of both kinds takes place quite naturally in the course of progress. The first both precede and follow the second, but in the latter instance, after the exhaustion of the second, they present a systematic character which they previously lacked. . . . We have seen that social progress is accomplished through a series of substitutions and accumulations. It is certainly necessary to distinguish between these two processes; and yet evolutionists have made the mistake, here as elsewhere, of merging them together. Perhaps the term evolution is badly chosen. We may call it social evolution, however, when an invention quietly spreads through imitation—the elementary fact in society; or even when a new invention that has already been imitated grafts itself upon a prior one which it fosters and completes. And yet why
should we not use, in this second instance, the more precise term of insertion? A philosophy of universal Insertion would be a happy contribution to the correction of the theory of universal Evolution. Finally, when a new invention, an invisible microbe at first, later on a fatal disease, brings with it a germ which will eventually destroy the old invention to which it attaches itself, how can the latter be said to evolve? Did the Roman Empire evolve when Christianity inoculated it with the virus of radical negations of its fundamental principles? No, this was counter-evolution, revolution perhaps, but certainly not evolution. At bottom, of course, in this case as in the preceding, there is nothing, elementarily, but evolution, because everything is imitation; but, since these evolutions and imitations struggle against each other, it is a great mistake to consider the sum formed by these conflicting elements as a single evolution. . . .
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The University of Chicago Press, Ch
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THE HERITAGE OF SOCIOLOGY a Series
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Preface Some of the neglect of Tard
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Tarde’s own father (1797-1850) se
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death of the philosopher Nourrisson
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apotheosis of the tradition of Spon
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assumption that society consisted o
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III. The Structure of Tarde’s Tho
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aspects of invention and, at some p
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likely it is to be imitated. 41 A n
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society. This same basic principle,
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of domination by a single all power
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V. Methodology, Methods, and Quanti
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Letters have just about the same fo
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attainment of great wealth, demonst
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ailroad, the modern public could on
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and held that with increased commun
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not a hope or a desire, which was n
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psychological approaches, associate
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I. The Nature and Scope of Sociolog
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y the theologians and the authorita
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certain fruitfulness? I believe it
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science. III Now the problem is to
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this question can perhaps be resolv
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accepting facts which repeat themse
Page 52 and 53: a formula comparable to the type of
Page 54 and 55: significance of this proposition. T
Page 56 and 57: These non-imitative similarities be
Page 58 and 59: were these initiatives imitated, an
Page 60 and 61: values? This is a fairly well found
Page 62 and 63: service to the rank of wealth. Agai
Page 64 and 65: an idol, weaving a garment, cutting
Page 66 and 67: By joining our point of view, howev
Page 68 and 69: have intimate knowledge of its elem
Page 70 and 71: After this admittedly incomplete in
Page 72 and 73: We should note that matriarchy is e
Page 74 and 75: of the tribes, then of the cities o
Page 76 and 77: Lecture by Mr. Durkheim 4 A DEBATE
Page 78 and 79: The third session, presided over by
Page 80 and 81: 5 BASIC PRINCIPLES *1 1902 Let us b
Page 82 and 83: epetition is their common tendency,
Page 84 and 85: I 6 INVENTION *1 1902 However dange
Page 86 and 87: shown by World Fairs, where the ind
Page 88 and 89: and churchmen often did likewise. I
Page 90 and 91: Imagine the effect produced by that
Page 92 and 93: 7 OPPOSITION *1 1898 Let us, first
Page 94 and 95: he has in his thoughts, at the same
Page 96 and 97: Fortunately, the truth is not so sa
Page 98 and 99: III. The Laws of Imitation
Page 100 and 101: comes to him and then another until
Page 104 and 105: 9 EXTRA-LOGICAL LAWS OF IMITATION *
Page 106 and 107: 10 PROCESSES OF IMITATION *1 1890 A
Page 108 and 109: IV. Personality and Attitude Measur
Page 110 and 111: aspect of effort is desire, and tha
Page 112 and 113: like the solidification of liquids,
Page 114 and 115: evolution which is the inverse of t
Page 116 and 117: V. Methodology, Methods, and Quanti
Page 118 and 119: the charm of theory? If history is
Page 120 and 121: only a commercial treaty, or a new
Page 122 and 123: were perfect. It is this ideal, an
Page 124 and 125: 13 QUANTIFICATION AND SOCIAL INDICA
Page 126 and 127: auditory or motor. In an overexcite
Page 128 and 129: certain records or by the practical
Page 130 and 131: consolation, but is it a matter of
Page 132 and 133: eally a pure accident in the course
Page 134 and 135: VI. Social Stratification
Page 136 and 137: Will not a time come when, although
Page 138 and 139: VII. Social Control and Deviance
Page 140 and 141: And what crimes are involved! Mr. G
Page 142 and 143: with our subject? To read certain s
Page 144 and 145: satisfaction in a select and health
Page 146 and 147: —when this aberration triumphs, i
Page 148 and 149: thank you.
Page 150 and 151: 16 THE PUBLIC AND THE CROWD *1 1901
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past; after the family it is the ol
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simple epiphenomenon, in itself ine
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of more than these two categories.
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sorrow, with conviction or with pas
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Opinion 17 OPINION AND CONVERSATION
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press of our own time, and at all t
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privileged groups, a court, a parli
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efore this aesthetic flower of civi
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. . . The greatest force governing
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deep, entirely psychological and co
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XXXI (1891): 123, 289. “L’art e
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Notes Introduction 1 On Tarde’s l
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64 Part IV, 11, below. 65 On early
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127 Daniel Essertier, Psychologie e
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“You would not assert that Promet
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*3 Organizations of workers in Fran
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eligious, scientific, economic, and
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