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C h a p t e r BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS CHAPTER OBJECTIVES • Complex envelopes and modulated signals • Spectra of bandpass signals • Nonlinear distortion • Communication circuits (mixers, phase-locked loops, frequency synthesizers, and detectors) • Transmitters and receivers • Software radios This chapter is concerned with bandpass signaling techniques. As indicated in Chapter 1, the bandpass communication signal is obtained by modulating a baseband analog or digital signal onto a carrier. This is an exciting chapter because the basic principles of bandpass signaling are revealed. The complex envelope is used, since it can represent any type of bandpass signal. This is the basis for understanding digital and analog communication systems that are described in more detail in Chapters 5 and 8. This chapter also describes practical aspects of the building blocks used in communication systems. These building blocks are filters, linear and nonlinear amplifiers, mixers, up and down converters, modulators, detectors, and phase-locked loops. The chapter concludes with descriptions of transmitters, receivers, and software radios. 4–1 COMPLEX ENVELOPE REPRESENTATION OF BANDPASS WAVEFORMS What is a general representation for bandpass digital and analog signals? How do we represent a modulated signal? How do we represent bandpass noise? These are some of the questions that are answered in this section. 237
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Abbreviations AC ADC ADM AM ANSI AP
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DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMMUNICATION SY
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CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS xi
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Contents v 2-8 Discrete Fourier Tra
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Contents vii 4-16 Transmitters and
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Contents ix 6-10 Appendix: Proof of
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Contents xi 8-11 Wireless Data Netw
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PREFACE Continuing the tradition of
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Preface xv THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIO
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LIST OF SYMBOLS There are not enoug
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List of Symbols xix l an integer n
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List of Symbols xxi DEFINED FUNCTIO
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C h a p t e r INTRODUCTION CHAPTER
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Sec. 1-1 Historical Perspective 3 s
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Sec. 1-2 Digital and Analog Sources
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Sec. 1-4 Organization of the Book 7
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Sec. 1-6 Block Diagram of a Communi
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Sec. 1-7 Frequency Allocations 11 T
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Sec. 1-8 Propagation of Electromagn
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Sec. 1-8 Propagation of Electromagn
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Sec. 1-9 Information Measure 17 In
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Sec. 1-10 Channel Capacity and Idea
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Sec. 1-11 Coding 21 Transmitter Noi
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Sec. 1-11 Coding 23 Convolutional C
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Sec. 1-11 Coding 25 0 1 0 (00) Path
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Sec. 1-11 Coding 27 10 -1 P e = Pro
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Sec. 1-11 Coding 29 TABLE 1-4 CODIN
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Problems 31 Solution: Using Eq. (1-
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Problems 33 1-17 Using the definiti
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Sec. 2-1 Properties of Signals and
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Sec. 2-2 Fourier Transform and Spec
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( ( Sec. 2-2 Fourier Transform and
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` Sec. 2-2 Fourier Transform and Sp
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Sec. 2-3 Power Spectral Density and
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Sec. 2-3 Power Spectral Density and
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Sec. 2-4 Orthogonal Series Represen
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Sec. 2-4 Orthogonal Series Represen
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Sec. 2-5 Fourier Series 71 2-5 FOUR
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Sec. 2-5 Fourier Series 73 where th
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Sec. 2-5 Fourier Series 75 Imaginar
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Sec. 2-5 Fourier Series 77 But the
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Sec. 2-5 Fourier Series 79 The spec
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Sec. 2-5 Fourier Series 81 The PSD
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Sec. 2-6 Review of Linear Systems 8
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Sec. 2-7 Bandlimited Signals and No
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Sec. 2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform
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Sec. 2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 105 N
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Sec. 2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 107 m
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Sec. 2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 109 m
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Sec. 2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 111 w
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Sec. 2-11 Study-Aid Examples 113 2-
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Sec. 2-11 Study-Aid Examples 115 SA
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Problems 117 b. Given the RC low-pa
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Problems 119 Sinusoidal current sou
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Problems 121 w(t) A -t 2 -t 1 t 1 t
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Problems 123 where A 1 , A 2 , v1,
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Problems 125 2-57 Show that the qua
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Problems 127 ★ 2-70 Assume that v
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ƒ ƒ Problems 129 2-82 The signal
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Problems 131 2-97 Given the low-pas
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Sec. 3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
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Sec. 3-3 Pulse Code Modulation 141
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PCM transmitter (analog-to-digital
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Sec. 3-4 Digital Signaling 155 wher
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Sec. 3-4 Digital Signaling 157 Eq.
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Q Sec. 3-4 Digital Signaling 159 s(
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Sec. 3-4 Digital Signaling 161 1.5
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Sec. 3-4 Digital Signaling 163 Bina
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Sec. 3-5 Line Codes and Spectra 165
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Sec. 3-6 Intersymbol Interference 1
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Sec. 3-7 Differential Pulse Code Mo
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DPCM transmitter Analog input signa
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Sec. 3-8 Delta Modulation 199 DM tr
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Sec. 3-8 Delta Modulation 201 Granu
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Sec. 3-8 Delta Modulation 203 This
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Analog input signal Low-pass filter
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Analog input signals Channel 1 (fro
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Low-level distorted TDM input Ampli
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Page 502: Sec. 3-13 Study-Aid Examples 227 (d
Page 506: Problems 229 ★ 3-7 Assume that an
Page 510: Problems 231 How does the PSD for t
Page 514: Problems 233 (a) Using a PC, calcul
Page 518: Problems 235 and w 3 (t) = -(t - 1)
Page 524: 238 Bandpass Signaling Principles a
Page 532: 242 TABLE 4-1 COMPLEX ENVELOPE FUNC
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262 Bandpass Signaling Principles a
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314 AM, FM, and Digital Modulated S
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320 TABLE 5-1 AM BROADCAST STATION
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338 TABLE 5-2 FOUR-PLACE VALUES OF
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TABLE 5-6 V.32 MODEM STANDARD Item
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386 Baseband signal processing RF c
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C h a p t e r RANDOM PROCESSES AND
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416 Random Processes and Spectral A
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452 will be WSS if and only if and
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C h a p t e r PERFORMANCE OF COMMUN
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494 Performance of Communication Sy
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508 Upper channel Receiver r(t)=s(t
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518 DPSK signal plus noise in Bandp
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520 QPSK signal plus noise (data ra
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TABLE 7-1 COMPARISON OF DIGITALSIGN
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- f c f c f 566 Performance of Comm
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570 Wire and Wireless Communication
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576 Tip (green wire) POTS line card
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TABLE 8-2 CAPACITY OF PUBLIC-SWITCH
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( 610 Wire and Wireless Communicati
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ƒ ƒ 640 Wire and Wireless Communi
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Channel Broadcast On-the-Air Channe
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Channel Broadcast On-the-Air Channe
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670 Mathematical Techniques, Identi
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678 A-10 TABULATION OF Q (z) Mathem
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A p p e n d i x PROBABILITY AND RAN
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682 Probability and Random Variable
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684 which is identical to Eq. (B-4)
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TABLE B-1 SOME DISTRIBUTIONS AND TH
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ƒ ƒ 704 Probability and Random Va
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710 3. F(a 1 , a 2 ,..., a N ) Prob
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724 Using MATLAB Appendix C Of cour
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726 Using MATLAB Appendix C 6. The
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728 References AT&T, FT-2000 OC-48
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730 References COUCH, L. W., Digita
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732 References HAMMING, R. W., “E
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734 References LIN, D. W., C. CHEN,
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736 References PRITCHARD, W. L., an
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738 References UNGERBOECK, G., “C
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740 Answers to Selected Problems Ch
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742 Answers to Selected Problems 2
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744 Answers to Selected Problems 5-
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746 Answers to Selected Problems h
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748 Index Amplitude shift keying (A
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750 Index Coding/codes (cont.) chan
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752 Index Effective isotropic radia
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754 Index In-phase components, 638
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756 Index Multilevel signaling, 157
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758 Index Process/processing (cont.
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760 Index Signal/signaling (cont.)
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762 Index Two-level data, 165 Two-q
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TABLE 2-2 SOME FOURIER TRANSFORM PA
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