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Sec. 8–9 Television 633
The composite baseband signal consisting of the luminance (intensity) video signal
m y (t) and the synchronizing signal m s (t) is described by
m c (t) = e m c(t),
m y (t),
during the sync interval
during the video interval
(8–58)
The spectrum of m c (t) is very wide since m c (t) contains rectangular synchronizing pulses.
In fact, the bandwidth would be infinite if the pulses had perfect rectangular shapes. In order
to reduce the bandwidth, the pulses are rounded as specified by FCC standards. (See
Fig. 8–37.) This allows m c (t) to be filtered to a bandwidth of B = 4.2 MHz (U.S. standard).
For a still picture, the exact spectrum can be calculated using Fourier series analysis
(as shown in Sec. 2–5). For a typical picture all fields are similar, and thus m c (t) would be
periodic with a period of approximately T 0 = 160 s, which corresponds to the field rate of
60 fieldss. (See Table 8–12 for exact values.) Thus, for a still picture, the spectrum would
consist of lines spaced at 60-Hz intervals. However, from Fig. 8–30, we can observe that
there are dominant intervals of width T h corresponding to scanned lines of the frame.
Furthermore, the adjacent lines usually have similar waveshapes. Consequently, m c (t) is
quasiperiodic with period T h , and the spectrum consists of clusters of spectral lines that are
centered on harmonics of the scanning frequency nf h = nT h , where the spacing of the lines
within these clumps is 60 Hz. For moving pictures, the line structure of the spectrum “fuzzes
out” to a continuous spectrum with spectral clusters centered about nf h . Furthermore,
between these clusters the spectrum is nearly empty. As we shall see, these “vacant” intervals
in the spectrum are used to transmit the color information for a color TV signal. This, of
course, is a form of frequency-division multiplexing.
The resolution of TV pictures is often specified in terms of lines of resolution. The
number of horizontal lines that can be distinguished from the top to the bottom of a TV
screen for a horizontal line test pattern is called the vertical-line resolution. The maximum
number of distinguishable horizontal lines (vertical line resolution) is the total
number of scanning lines in the raster less those not used for the image. That is, the vertical
resolution is
n v = (N f - N v ) lines
(8–59a)
where N f is the total number of scanning lines per frame and N v is the number of lines in the
vertical interval (not image lines) for each frame. For U.S. standards (Table 8–12), the maximum
vertical resolution is
n v = 525 - 42 = 483 lines
(8–59b)
The resolution in the horizontal direction is limited by the frequency response allowed
for m c (t). For example, if a sine-wave test signal is used during the video interval, the highest
sine-wave frequency that can be transmitted through the system will be B = 4.2 MHz (U.S.
standard), where B is the system video bandwidth. For each peak of the sine wave, a dot will
appear along the horizontal direction as the CRT beam sweeps from left to right. Thus, the
horizontal resolution for 2:1 interlacing is
n h - 2B(T h - T b ) pixels
(8–60a)