4569846498

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents vii 4.10.1 Problem definition 202 4.10.2 Velocity analysis 202 4.10.3 Acceleration analysis 214 4.10.4 Static analysis 226 4.10.5 Dynamic analysis 234 4.10.6 Geometry analysis 242 5 Tyre characteristics and modelling 248 5.1 Introduction 248 5.2 Tyre axis systems and geometry 249 5.2.1 The SAE and ISO tyre axis systems 249 5.2.2 Definition of tyre radii 249 5.2.3 Tyre asymmetry 253 5.3 The tyre contact patch 254 5.3.1 Friction 254 5.3.2 Pressure distribution in the tyre contact patch 256 5.4 Tyre force and moment characteristics 257 5.4.1 Components of tyre force and stiffness 257 5.4.2 Normal (vertical) force calculations 258 5.4.3 Longitudinal force in a free rolling tyre (rolling resistance) 260 5.4.4 Braking force 264 5.4.5 Driving force 267 5.4.6 Generation of lateral force and aligning moment 269 5.4.7 The effect of slip angle 269 5.4.8 The effect of camber angle 272 5.4.9 Combinations of camber and slip angle 276 5.4.10 Overturning moment 277 5.4.11 Combined traction and cornering (comprehensive slip) 278 5.4.12 Relaxation length 281 5.5 Experimental testing 284 5.6 Tyre modelling 291 5.6.1 Overview 291 5.6.2 Calculation of tyre geometry and velocities 295 5.6.3 Road surface/terrain definition 299 5.6.4 Interpolation methods 299 5.6.5 The ‘Magic Formula’ tyre model 301 5.6.6 The Fiala tyre model 306 5.6.7 Tyre models for durability analysis 308 5.7 Implementation with MBS 314 5.7.1 Virtual tyre rig model 315 5.8 Examples of tyre model data 318 5.9 Case study 6 – Comparison of vehicle handling tyre models 320 6 Modelling and assembly of the full vehicle 326 6.1 Introduction 326 6.2 The vehicle body 327 6.3 Measured outputs 330 6.4 Suspension system representation 331 6.4.1 Overview 331
viii Contents 6.4.2 Lumped mass model 332 6.4.3 Equivalent roll stiffness model 333 6.4.4 Swing arm model 335 6.4.5 Linkage model 335 6.4.6 The concept suspension approach 336 6.5 Modelling of springs and dampers 339 6.5.1 Treatment in simple models 339 6.5.2 Modelling leaf springs 340 6.6 Anti-roll bars 342 6.7 Determination of roll stiffness for the equivalent roll stiffness model 345 6.8 Aerodynamic effects 349 6.9 Modelling of vehicle braking 351 6.10 Modelling traction 356 6.11 Other driveline components 358 6.12 The steering system 361 6.12.1 Modelling the steering mechanism 361 6.12.2 Steering ratio 363 6.12.3 Steering inputs for vehicle handling manoeuvres 366 6.13 Driver behaviour 368 6.13.1 Steering controllers 369 6.13.2 A path following controller model 373 6.13.3 Body slip angle control 377 6.13.4 Two-loop driver model 379 6.14 Case study 7 – Comparison of full vehicle handling models 380 6.15 Summary 393 7 Simulation output and interpretation 395 7.1 Introduction 395 7.2 Case study 8 – Variation in measured data 397 7.3 A vehicle dynamics overview 399 7.3.1 Travel on a curved path 399 7.3.2 The classical treatment based on steady state cornering 401 7.3.3 Some further discussion of vehicles in curved path 408 7.3.4 The subjective/objective problem 411 7.3.5 Mechanisms for generating under- and oversteer 414 7.4 Transient effects 420 7.5 Steering feel as a subjective modifier 424 7.6 Roll as an objective and subjective modifier 424 7.7 Frequency response 426 7.8 The problems imposed by … 428 7.8.1 Circuit racing 428 7.8.2 Rallying 428 7.8.3 Accident avoidance 429 7.9 The use of analytical models with a signal-to-noise ratio approach 430 7.10 Some consequences of using signal-to-noise ratio 439 8 Active systems 441 8.1 Introduction 441 8.2 Active systems 442
Page 2 and 3: Multibody Systems Approach to Vehic
Page 4 and 5: Multibody Systems Approach to Vehic
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface Acknowledgements N
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix 8.2.1 Active suspension
Page 12 and 13: Preface This book is intended to br
Page 14 and 15: Preface xiii vehicle design process
Page 16 and 17: Acknowledgements Mike Blundell In d
Page 18 and 19: Nomenclature xvii {z I } 1 Unit vec
Page 20 and 21: Nomenclature xix O n Frame for part
Page 22 and 23: Nomenclature xxi p Magnitude of re
Page 24 and 25: 1 Introduction The most cost-effect
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 3 subsequent ‘classi
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 5 Fig. 1.4 Linearity:
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 7 While apparently a s
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 9 3. The body yaws (ro
Page 34 and 35: Introduction 11 Aspiration Definiti
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 13 Decomposition: Synt
Page 38 and 39: Introduction 15 The best multibody
Page 40 and 41: Introduction 17 shows good correlat
Page 42 and 43: Introduction 19 generated in numeri
Page 44 and 45: Introduction 21 1.9 Benchmarking ex
Page 46 and 47: 2 Kinematics and dynamics of rigid
Page 48 and 49: Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bo
Page 58 and 59:
Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bo
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
3 Multibody systems simulation soft
Page 100 and 101:
Multibody systems simulation softwa
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
4 Modelling and analysis of suspens
Page 156 and 157:
Modelling and analysis of suspensio
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Tyre characteristics and modelling
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Modelling and assembly of the full
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
7 Simulation output and interpretat
Page 420 and 421:
Simulation output and interpretatio
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
down and even more difficult to asc
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
8 Active systems 8.1 Introduction M
Page 466 and 467:
Active systems 443 mechanical actua
Page 468 and 469:
Active systems 445 Table 8.1 MSC.AD
Page 470 and 471:
Active systems 447 Body acceleratio
Page 472 and 473:
Active systems 449 impressions of t
Page 474 and 475:
Active systems 451 For this reason,
Page 476 and 477:
Appendix A: Vehicle model system sc
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Appendix B: Fortran tyre model subr
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms Agili
Page 512 and 513:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 489 a
Page 514 and 515:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 491 t
Page 516 and 517:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 493 e
Page 518 and 519:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 495 m
Page 520 and 521:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 497 h
Page 522 and 523:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 499 t
Page 524 and 525:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 501 s
Page 526 and 527:
References 503 Blundell, M.V. The m
Page 528 and 529:
References 505 Hudi, J. AMIGO - A m
Page 530 and 531:
References 507 Palmer, D. Course no
Page 532 and 533:
References 509 European ADAMS News
Page 534 and 535:
Index Abuse loads, 148 3 g bump, 14
Page 536 and 537:
Index 513 Elk Test, 1 El-Nasher, 29
Page 538 and 539:
Index 515 generalised translational
Page 540 and 541:
Index 517 steer axis inclination, 1
show all

4569846498

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?