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Index 517 steer axis inclination, 165–166 steer axes, 162–163 trail, 165 twin I-beam, 150 twist beam, 151 vector analysis of, 202–247 wheel rate, 171–172 wheel recession, 163–164 Swedish National Road Administration, 399 Symbolic codes, 14, 19, 499–500 Systems of units, 126–127 gravitational constant, 126, 350 units consistency factor (UCF), 126 System schematics, 79, 80, 460–469 Systems Technology Inc., 19 System variables, 103 displacement magnitude, 103 radial line of sight velocity, 105 Taguchi, 431 Tandy, 19 Terlinden, 18 TNO, 21 Toe change, 146 Torri, 306 Traction, 356–358, 500 Trail, 500 Transfer function, 138 Transient (cornering), 500 Triumph Vitesse, 1 Trungle, 127 Turbochargers, 358–361 TYDEX, 286 Tyres, 248–325 aquaplaning, 267 asymmetry, 253–254 conicity, 253 plysteer, 253–254 axis systems (SAE & ISO), 249–250, 512 camber angle, 7, 272–276 comprehensive (combined) slip, 278–281 critical slip angle, 9 forces and moments, 257–283 aligning moment, 269–276, 287, 289 braking force, 264–267, 291 camber thrust, 270 driving force, 267–269 lateral force, 269–276, 286, 289 overturning moment, 277–278 rolling resistance, 260–264 vertical force, 258–260 friction, 254–256 adhesion, 255 coefficient of, 6, 254, 255, 267 ellipse, 279–280 hysteresis, 255–256 Gough plot, 287 modelling of, 291–325 durability, 308 interpolation methods, 299–300, 319 Fiala model, 306–308, 319–320 FORTRAN, 314–315 for Harty model, 488–494 for interpolation method, 480–483 for Magic formula, 483–488 Ftire model, 313–314 Magic Formula, 301–306, 320 road surface, 299 SWIFT model, 309–310 pneumatic trail, 269–271 pressure distribution, 256–257 radii, 249–253 effective rolling radius, 251–253 loaded radius, 251 relaxation length, 8, 9, 192, 281–283 slip angle, 7 slip ratio, 8, 264–267, 269, 298 stiffness, 257–259 aligning moment, 273, 288 aligning moment camber, 276, 290 camber, 274, 290 cornering stiffness, 272, 288 longitudinal, 266 testing, 284–291 virtual tyre rig, 315–325 Understeer, 407, 411, 412, 414–420, 496 gradient, 407, 408 Units consistency factor (UCF), 126 University of Bath, 22 University of Leeds, 18, 337 University of Michigen, 18, 337 Transport Research Institute (UMTRI), 19 University of Missouri, 19 Variational methods, 74 Vectors, 23–38 cross (vector) product, 26–27 differentiation of, 34–35 differentiation of, 32–43 dot (scalar) product, 26 differentiation of, 34 integration of, 34 position and relative position, 23–26
518 Index Vectors (contd) rotation of, 28–31 scalar triple product, 28 suspension analysis with, 202–247 transformation of, 31–32 vector triple product, 28 Velocity analysis, 43–46, 202–214 Vehicle data, 470–479 Vehicle models, 380–393 Vesimaki, 310 VDANL, 19 VDAS, 18, 19, 337 VDMS, 337 Vibration, 139, 190 modes of, 139, 192, 194, 195, 196 frequencies, 193, 196 Virtual prototyping, 13 Volkswagen, 18 Volvo, 127 Weave, 501 Weight transfer, 183–184 Wenzel, 389, 390, 392 Wheelbase, 501 Wheel envelope, 159 Wheel hop, 501 Wheel rate, 171–172 Wheel trajectory, 15, 18, 501 Whitcomb, 15 Whitehead, 22, 145, 159 Wielenga, 86, 117, 121 Will, 391 Wittenberg, 19 Wobble, 501 Wolz, 19 Wong, 391 WOODS, 18 Wu and Wu, 436 X-point-Z-point method, 83–84, 185 Yaw acceleration, 8, 9 Yaw rate, 501 demand of, 4 geometric, 408 Yaw rate gain (YRG), 409, 411 Zak, 391 Zverev, 446
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Multibody Systems Approach to Vehic
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Multibody Systems Approach to Vehic
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Contents Preface Acknowledgements N
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Contents vii 4.10.1 Problem definit
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Contents ix 8.2.1 Active suspension
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Preface This book is intended to br
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Preface xiii vehicle design process
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Acknowledgements Mike Blundell In d
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Nomenclature xvii {z I } 1 Unit vec
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Nomenclature xix O n Frame for part
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Nomenclature xxi p Magnitude of re
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1 Introduction The most cost-effect
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Introduction 3 subsequent ‘classi
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Introduction 5 Fig. 1.4 Linearity:
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Introduction 7 While apparently a s
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Introduction 9 3. The body yaws (ro
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Introduction 11 Aspiration Definiti
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Introduction 13 Decomposition: Synt
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Introduction 15 The best multibody
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Introduction 17 shows good correlat
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Introduction 19 generated in numeri
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Introduction 21 1.9 Benchmarking ex
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2 Kinematics and dynamics of rigid
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Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bo
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3 Multibody systems simulation soft
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Multibody systems simulation softwa
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4 Modelling and analysis of suspens
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Modelling and analysis of suspensio
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Tyre characteristics and modelling
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7 Simulation output and interpretat
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Simulation output and interpretatio
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8 Active systems 8.1 Introduction M
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Active systems 443 mechanical actua
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Active systems 445 Table 8.1 MSC.AD
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Active systems 447 Body acceleratio
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Active systems 449 impressions of t
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Active systems 451 For this reason,
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Appendix A: Vehicle model system sc
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Page 526 and 527: References 503 Blundell, M.V. The m
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Page 534 and 535: Index Abuse loads, 148 3 g bump, 14
Page 536 and 537: Index 513 Elk Test, 1 El-Nasher, 29
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