4569846498

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Tyre characteristics and modelling 285 The measurements of forces and moments were taken using the SAE co-ordinate system for the following configurations: (i) Varying the vertical load in the tyre 200, 400, 600, 800 kg. (ii) For each increment of vertical load the camber angle is varied from 10 to 10 degrees with measurements taken at 2 degree intervals. During this test the slip angle is fixed at 0 degrees. (iii) For each increment of vertical load the slip angle is varied from 10 to 10 degrees with measurements taken at 2 degree intervals. During this test the camber angle is fixed at 0 degrees. (iv) For each increment of vertical load the slip and camber angle are fixed at zero degrees and the tyre is gradually braked from the free rolling state to a fully locked skidding tyre. Measurements were taken at increments in slip ratio of 0.1. The test programme outlined here can be considered a starting point in the process of obtaining tyre data to support a simulation exercise. In practice obtaining all the data required to describe the full range of tyre behaviour discussed in the preceding sections will be extremely time consuming and expensive. The test programme described here does not, for example, consider effects such as varying the speed of the test machine, changes in tyre pressure or wear, changes in road texture and surface contamination by water or ice. The testing is also steady state and does not consider the transient state during transition from one orientation to another. Most importantly the tests do not consider the complete range of combinations that can occur in the tyre. The longitudinal force testing described is limited by only considering the generation of braking force. To obtain a complete map of tyre behaviour it would also, for example, be necessary to test not only for variations in slip angle at zero degrees of camber angle but to repeat the slip angle variations at selected camber angles. For comprehensive slip behaviour it would be necessary at each slip angle to brake or drive the tyre from a free rolling state to one that approaches the friction limit, hence deriving the ‘friction circle’ for the tyre. Extending a tyre test programme in this way may be necessary to generate a full set of parameters for a sophisticated tyre model but will significantly add to the cost of testing. Obtaining data requires the tyre to be set up at each load, angle or slip ratio and running in steady state conditions before the required forces and moments can be measured. By way of example the basic test programme described here required measurements to be taken for the tyre in 132 configurations. Extending this, using the same pattern of increments and adding driving force to consider combinations of slip angle with camber or slip ratio would extend the testing to 1452 configurations. In practice this could be reduced by judicious selection of test configurations but it should be noted the tests would still be for a tyre at constant pressure and constant speed on a given test surface. Examples of test results for a wider range of tyres and settings can be obtained by general reference to the tyre specific publications quoted in this chapter and in particular to the textbook by Pacejka (2002). For the tyre tests described here the following is typical of the series of plots that would be produced in order to assess the force and moment
286 Multibody Systems Approach to Vehicle Dynamics 800.0 600.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 LATERAL FORCE F y N 7000.00 400.0 4.0 200.0 2.0 2.0 200.0 4.0 400.0 IP2.0 BAR. SPEED (KPH) 00020 6.0 LOAD KG SLIP ANGLE DEG 7000.00 8.0 10.0 800.0 600.0 Fig. 5.39 Lateral force F y with slip angle (courtesy of Dunlop Tyres Ltd) characteristics. The results are presented in Figures 5.39 to 5.48 where a carpet plot format is used for the lateral force and aligning moment results: (i) Lateral force F y with slip angle (ii) Aligning moment M z with slip angle (iii) Lateral force F y with aligning moment M z (Gough plot) (iv) Cornering stiffness with load (v) Aligning stiffness with load (vi) Lateral force F y with camber angle (vii) Aligning moment M z with camber angle (viii) Camber stiffness with load (ix) Aligning camber stiffness with load (x) Braking force with slip ratio Before continuing with the treatment of tyre modelling readers should note the findings (van Oosten et al., 1999) of the TYDEX Workgroup. In this study a comparison of tyre cornering stiffness for a tyre tested on a range
Page 2 and 3:
Multibody Systems Approach to Vehic
Page 4 and 5:
Multibody Systems Approach to Vehic
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Preface Acknowledgements N
Page 8 and 9:
Contents vii 4.10.1 Problem definit
Page 10 and 11:
Contents ix 8.2.1 Active suspension
Page 12 and 13:
Preface This book is intended to br
Page 14 and 15:
Preface xiii vehicle design process
Page 16 and 17:
Acknowledgements Mike Blundell In d
Page 18 and 19:
Nomenclature xvii {z I } 1 Unit vec
Page 20 and 21:
Nomenclature xix O n Frame for part
Page 22 and 23:
Nomenclature xxi p Magnitude of re
Page 24 and 25:
1 Introduction The most cost-effect
Page 26 and 27:
Introduction 3 subsequent ‘classi
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction 5 Fig. 1.4 Linearity:
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 7 While apparently a s
Page 32 and 33:
Introduction 9 3. The body yaws (ro
Page 34 and 35:
Introduction 11 Aspiration Definiti
Page 36 and 37:
Introduction 13 Decomposition: Synt
Page 38 and 39:
Introduction 15 The best multibody
Page 40 and 41:
Introduction 17 shows good correlat
Page 42 and 43:
Introduction 19 generated in numeri
Page 44 and 45:
Introduction 21 1.9 Benchmarking ex
Page 46 and 47:
2 Kinematics and dynamics of rigid
Page 48 and 49:
Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bo
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
3 Multibody systems simulation soft
Page 100 and 101:
Multibody systems simulation softwa
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
4 Modelling and analysis of suspens
Page 156 and 157:
Modelling and analysis of suspensio
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259: Modelling and analysis of suspensio
Page 272 and 273: Tyre characteristics and modelling
Page 350 and 351: Modelling and assembly of the full
Page 358 and 359:
Modelling and assembly of the full
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
7 Simulation output and interpretat
Page 420 and 421:
Simulation output and interpretatio
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
down and even more difficult to asc
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
8 Active systems 8.1 Introduction M
Page 466 and 467:
Active systems 443 mechanical actua
Page 468 and 469:
Active systems 445 Table 8.1 MSC.AD
Page 470 and 471:
Active systems 447 Body acceleratio
Page 472 and 473:
Active systems 449 impressions of t
Page 474 and 475:
Active systems 451 For this reason,
Page 476 and 477:
Appendix A: Vehicle model system sc
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Appendix B: Fortran tyre model subr
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms Agili
Page 512 and 513:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 489 a
Page 514 and 515:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 491 t
Page 516 and 517:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 493 e
Page 518 and 519:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 495 m
Page 520 and 521:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 497 h
Page 522 and 523:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 499 t
Page 524 and 525:
Appendix C: Glossary of terms 501 s
Page 526 and 527:
References 503 Blundell, M.V. The m
Page 528 and 529:
References 505 Hudi, J. AMIGO - A m
Page 530 and 531:
References 507 Palmer, D. Course no
Page 532 and 533:
References 509 European ADAMS News
Page 534 and 535:
Index Abuse loads, 148 3 g bump, 14
Page 536 and 537:
Index 513 Elk Test, 1 El-Nasher, 29
Page 538 and 539:
Index 515 generalised translational
Page 540 and 541:
Index 517 steer axis inclination, 1
show all

4569846498

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?