4569846498
Modelling and analysis of suspension systems 237 where {V G2 } 1 {V G2E } 1 { 2 } 1 {R G2E } 1 (4.316) ⎡V ⎢ ⎢ V ⎣⎢ V therefore ⎡A ⎢ ⎢ A ⎣⎢ A G2x G2y G2z G2x G2y G2z ⎤ ⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡115⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 0 0 12.266 155 ⎥ ⎢ 61.33 ⎥ mm/s ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 12.266 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1901.23⎦⎥ ⎤ ⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.0 ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 12.266 ⎥ ⎢ 61.33 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 12. 266 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1901.23⎦⎥ ⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡115⎤ ⎢ 0 0 10. 642 ⎥ ⎢ 155 ⎥ mm/s ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎣⎢ 0 10.642 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 ⎦⎥ (4.317) (4.318) ⎡A ⎢ ⎢ A ⎣⎢ A (4.319) Before progressing further it is important to refer back to Chapter 3 and state that Newton’s second law is only applicable for a consistent set of units. In effect this means either converting from millimetres to metres before carrying out the dynamic analysis or incorporating a units consistency factor UCF in the equations of motion: ∑ (4.320) Since our current dimensions for length are in mm and we need to work in SI our UCF value here is 1000. So converting {A G2 } 1 to m/s 2 gives ⎡AG2 x⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎢ A ⎥ ⎢ G2y⎥ ⎢ 23.373 ⎥ m/s (4.321) ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎣⎢ AG2 z⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.869 ⎦⎥ We also need to define a vector {g} 1 for gravitational acceleration which for the reference frame O 1 used here would be ⎡gx ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎢ g ⎥ y ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ m/s ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎣⎢ gz ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 9.81⎦⎥ For Body 2 summing forces and applying Newton’s second law gives ∑ G2x G2y G2z ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 23 372.797 ⎥ mm/s ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 869.336 ⎦⎥ { F } 2 1 m { AG } UCF 2 2 1 { F 2 } m 2 { A G } 1 2 1 (4.322) (4.323)
238 Multibody Systems Approach to Vehicle Dynamics {F E21 } 1 {F F21 } 1 {F G24 } 1 m 2 {g} 1 m 2 {A G2 } 1 (4.324) ⎡F ⎢ ⎢ F ⎣⎢ F E21x E21y E21z ⎤ ⎡FF21x⎤ ⎡FG24x⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎥ ⎢ F ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ F21y F ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ G24y⎥ 3.5 ⎢ 0 ⎥ 3.5 ⎢ 23.373 ⎥ N ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ FF21z⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ FG24z⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 9.81⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.869 ⎦⎥ (4.325) The summation of forces in (4.325) leads to the first set of three equations: Equation 1 F E21x F F21x F G24x 0 (4.326) Equation 2 F E21y F F21y F G24y 81.806 (4.327) Equation 3 F E21z F F21z F G24z 31.294 (4.328) For the rotational equations it is convenient to refer the vectors to the reference frame O 2 fixed in and rotating with Body 2. The rotational equations of motion for Body 2 may be written as Euler’s equations of motion in vector form as ∑ { M } I ] } ] I ] } (4.329) G2 [ 12 2 2 2{ 2 1 2[ 2 1 2[ 2 2 2{ 2 1 2 Before progressing the angular velocity vector { 2 } 1 and angular acceleration vector { 2 } 1 need to be transformed from reference frame O 1 to O 2 to give { 2 } 1/2 and { 2 } 1/2 . By inspection it can be seen from Figure 4.77 that the transformation is trivial and that due to the wishbone geometry and constraints 2x and 2x in frame O 1 simply become 2z and 2z when referenced to frame O 2 . The process of vector transformation described in Chapter 2 will, however, be applied to illustrate the process for more general geometries. In this case we have only two rotations to account for, the first being 90 degrees about the z-axis followed by a 90 degrees rotation about the x-axis. Thus for the angular velocity vector we have: { } 2 1 2 { } 2 1 2 ⎡ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣⎢ ⎡ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣⎢ 2x2 2y2 2z2 2x2 2y2 2z2 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ cos sin 0⎤ ⎡2 x1⎤ ⎥ ⎢ 0 cos sin ⎥ ⎢ sin cos 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ 1 rad/s ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2y ⎥ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 sin cos ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2z1⎦⎥ (4.330) ⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0⎤ ⎡12.266⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ rad/s ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 12.266⎦⎥ (4.331) The transformation of the angular acceleration vector takes place in a similar manner so that we have: { 2 } T 1/2 [0 0 12.266] rad/s { 2 } T 1/2 [0 0 10.642] rad/s 2
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Modelling and analysis of suspension systems 237<br />
where<br />
{V G2 } 1 {V G2E } 1 { 2 } 1 {R G2E } 1 (4.316)<br />
⎡V<br />
⎢<br />
⎢<br />
V<br />
⎣⎢<br />
V<br />
therefore<br />
⎡A<br />
⎢<br />
⎢<br />
A<br />
⎣⎢<br />
A<br />
G2x<br />
G2y<br />
G2z<br />
G2x<br />
G2y<br />
G2z<br />
⎤ ⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡115⎤<br />
⎡ 0 ⎤<br />
⎥ ⎢<br />
⎥ ⎢<br />
⎥<br />
0 0 12.266<br />
155<br />
⎥<br />
<br />
⎢<br />
61.33<br />
⎥<br />
mm/s<br />
⎢<br />
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥<br />
⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
0 12.266 0 ⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
5<br />
⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
1901.23⎦⎥<br />
⎤ ⎡0<br />
0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.0 ⎤<br />
⎥<br />
⎥<br />
<br />
⎢<br />
0 0 12.266<br />
⎥ ⎢<br />
61.33<br />
⎥<br />
⎢<br />
⎥ ⎢ ⎥<br />
⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
0 12.<br />
266 0 ⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
1901.23⎦⎥<br />
⎡0<br />
0 0 ⎤ ⎡115⎤<br />
<br />
⎢<br />
0 0 10.<br />
642<br />
⎥ ⎢<br />
155<br />
⎥<br />
mm/s<br />
⎢<br />
⎥ ⎢ ⎥<br />
2<br />
⎣⎢<br />
0 10.642<br />
0 ⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
5<br />
⎦⎥<br />
(4.317)<br />
(4.318)<br />
⎡A<br />
⎢<br />
⎢<br />
A<br />
⎣⎢<br />
A<br />
(4.319)<br />
Before progressing further it is important to refer back to Chapter 3 and<br />
state that Newton’s second law is only applicable for a consistent set of<br />
units. In effect this means either converting from millimetres to metres<br />
before carrying out the dynamic analysis or incorporating a units consistency<br />
factor UCF in the equations of motion:<br />
∑<br />
(4.320)<br />
Since our current dimensions for length are in mm and we need to work in<br />
SI our UCF value here is 1000. So converting {A G2 } 1 to m/s 2 gives<br />
⎡AG2<br />
x⎤<br />
⎡ 0 ⎤<br />
⎢<br />
A<br />
⎥<br />
⎢ G2y⎥<br />
<br />
⎢<br />
23.373<br />
⎥<br />
m/s (4.321)<br />
⎢ ⎥<br />
2<br />
⎣⎢<br />
AG2<br />
z⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
0.869<br />
⎦⎥<br />
We also need to define a vector {g} 1 for gravitational acceleration which<br />
for the reference frame O 1 used here would be<br />
⎡gx<br />
⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤<br />
⎢<br />
⎢<br />
g<br />
⎥<br />
y ⎥<br />
<br />
⎢<br />
0<br />
⎥<br />
m/s<br />
⎢ ⎥<br />
2<br />
⎣⎢<br />
gz<br />
⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
9.81⎦⎥<br />
For Body 2 summing forces and applying Newton’s second law gives<br />
∑<br />
G2x<br />
G2y<br />
G2z<br />
⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤<br />
⎥<br />
⎥<br />
<br />
⎢<br />
23 372.797<br />
⎥<br />
mm/s<br />
⎢<br />
⎥<br />
2<br />
⎦⎥<br />
⎣⎢<br />
869.336<br />
⎦⎥<br />
{ F } <br />
2 1<br />
m { AG<br />
}<br />
UCF<br />
2 2 1<br />
{ F 2 } m 2 { A G }<br />
1 2 1<br />
(4.322)<br />
(4.323)