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Is IEEE 802.11p V2X Obsolete Before it is Even Deployed? Johannes Hiltscher, Robin Streiter and Gerd Wanielik Abstract Years after publication of the IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), first production vehicles equipped with conforming communication hardware are about to become available. The standard’s suitability for the hard real-time automotive environment has been debated intensively in recent years. Most publications use synthetic message sizes, while the comprehensive ITS-G5 standard allows for a performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11p in real scenarios. Realistic performance and scalability assessments of current automotive communication hardware can be derived from such an evaluation. Based on these we examine the suitability of the available standards for demanding hard real-time control tasks as cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC). Keywords Intelligent transportation systems Cooperative awareness ITS-G5 IEEE 802.11p IEEE 1609 1 Introduction Vehicular communication is seen as one of the greatest advancements in the automotive domain, giving rise to technologies like autonomous driving and advanced driver assistance systems. Standardization efforts were completed several years ago, leading to the standards IEEE 802.11p covering the physical and IEEE 1609 covering the medium access (MAC) and networking layers (refer to [16] for J. Hiltscher (&) R. Streiter G. Wanielik Professorship of Communications Engineering, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany e-mail: johannes.hiltscher@etit.tu-chemnitz.de R. Streiter e-mail: robin.streiter@etit.tu-chemnitz.de G. Wanielik e-mail: gerd.wanielik@etit.tu-chemnitz.de © Springer International Publishing AG 2016 T. Schulze et al. (eds.), Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2016, Lecture Notes in Mobility, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44766-7_3 31
32 J. Hiltscher et al. an overview). For the European market the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) extended IEEE 1609 leading to ITS-G5. One major difference between the two standards is Distributed Congestion Control (DCC). This mechanism was introduced to better utilize the available bandwidth in high traffic conditions while retaining long communication distances. Altogether, ITS-G5 is much more comprehensive than IEEE 1609 and specifies a set of basic services besides the low levels of the communication protocol. Therefore, a detailed demand analysis can be performed which we consider valuable when deciding whether manufacturers should integrate next generation driver assistance systems like cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) into upcoming generations of vehicles or wait for other communication technologies to become available. In this contribution we examine the performance of an ITS-G5-conformant IEEE 802.11p vehicular network (VANET) in the context of Cooperative Awareness (CA). We simulate the operation of the service for different amounts of vehicles to determine the scalability of current vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication standards. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most in-depth analysis of ITS-G5 according to the standard’s actual demands and capabilities. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. We first give an overview of related research in Sect. 2. This section details our decision to perform another evaluation focused on ITS-G5. Next we give an overview of the relevant parts of the standard in Sect. 3. A custom simulation framework was developed for conducting this evaluation which is presented in Sect. 4 alongside with the methodology used. Our findings are presented and discussed in Sect. 5. The paper is concluded in Sect. 6 and an outlook to future work given. 2 Related Work Numerous studies of the available standards for Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) have been published in recent years. One of the first publications examining the viability of IEEE 802.11p VANETs is [4]. The evaluation is performed in a Manhattan Grid using 500 byte messages. The author concludes that IEEE 802.11p is not well suited for VANETs due to high packet collision probabilities. An evaluation with a scope similar to the one of this publication, the viability of IEEE 802.11p for CACC applications, is presented in [2]. Although the authors state the 400 byte messages they employ for simulation encompass an ETSI Decentralized Environmental Notification Message (DENM), CA Message (CAM) and a beacon signal, this is not comprehensible. Furthermore, dissemination frequencies are very high and the DCC mechanism not taken into account. An extensive study of IEEE 802.11p network characteristics is presented in [19]. An analysis of the DCC mechanism is performed in [1] for packet sizes of 100 and 300 bytes in a network of 300 and 600 Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Stations (ITS-Ss) arranged in a Manhattan Grid. The authors claim to exchange CAMs, however, this seems to only describe the periodic message
Page 1 and 2: Lecture Notes in Mobility Tim Schul
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Page 7 and 8: vi Preface cross-sectorial roadmap
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