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199
冬
TŌ, fuyu
winter
L4
5 strokes
TŌMINhibernation
TŌKIwinter season
fuyugarewinter decay
Views vary. OBI ; seal . Mizukami sees
persimmons on tree after leaf fall, or food
stored hanging. Katō sees seal as 401‘ice’, and
as phonetic with associated sense ‘freeze’
> ‘ice’. Shirakawa takes OBI form as tied rope
ends, to denote ‘end’ > ‘end season’, i.e. ‘winter’.
MS1995:v1:116-7; KJ1970:120; SS1984:641. Take
as ‘cross-legged’.
Mnemonic: CROSSED LEGS SLIPPING ON
WINTER ICE
200
L3
当
6
TŌ, ataru/teru
apply, hit mark,
appropriate, this
strokes
SŌTŌappropriate
TŌNINperson concerned
teateallowance, treatment
Bronze ; seal ; traditional . Has 63
‘field’, and 1491 (‘furthermore’) as phonetic
with associated sense ‘value, price, equivalent
price’ (Mizukami, Katō). (In Late Han times,
pronunciation of and was fairly close.)
Originally referred to offering a field as a
pledge. Tōdō has this graph in a word-family
meaning ‘push one thing against another, make
to correspond’. MS1995:v2:884-5; KJ1970:669-
70; AS2007:206, 181; TA1965:351-2.
We suggest taking upper element of modern
form as ‘little’ 38 and as ‘hand’.
Mnemonic: THIS LITTLE HAND APPROPRI-
ATELY HITS THE MARK
201
L5
東
TŌ, higashi, azuma
east
8 strokes
TŌYŌOrient
higashigawaeast side
azumayaarbor, bower
OBI forms show a bottomless bag with both
ends tied ; the bag has a pole going verti-
cally through the center, which explains the
word-family sense ‘penetrate’, noted by Mizukami
and Tōdō. Used as a loan graph for ‘east’.
See also ‘bundle’ 561 and ‘knead’ 438.
MS1995:v1:654; KJ1970:1956-7; MR2007:340;
TA1965:286-7. We suggest taking the modern
form as ‘sun’ 66 rising behind a ‘tree’ 73.
Mnemonic: SUN RISING BEHIND TREE
INDICATES EAST
202
答
TŌ, kotaeru
answer
L4
12 strokes
KAITŌsolution
TŌANexam paper
kuchigotaeretort
A late graph (post-Shuowen). 134 ‘meet, join’
was used by itself in OBI and bronze texts for a)
‘respond’ and also for b) ‘fit together, join’, but
later / 58 (‘bamboo’) was added so as to
denote the sense ‘respond, answer’ to disambiguate.
KJ1970:668-9; AS2007:202, 625, 274;
MS1995:v1:212-3; SS1984:649.
Mnemonic: BAMBOO IS A FITTING ANSWER
The 160 Second Grade Characters 95