480531170

190
L4
鳥
CHŌ, tori
bird
11 strokes
HAKUCHŌswan
YACHŌwild bird
toriishrine gate
Based on pictograph of a bird , . Note
that there is another ‘bird’ graph , occurrent in
Japanese as an element in compound graphs
(e.g. 324). MS1995:v2:1494-5; MR2007:296;
KJ1970:11-12.
Mnemonic: IF IT’S GOT WINGS AND FEATHERS,
IT MUST BE A BIRD
191
朝
CHŌ, asa
morning, court
L4
12 strokes
CHŌSHOKUbreakfast
asahimorning sun
CHŌTEIimperial court
OBI ; seal . OBI formhas 66 ‘sun’,
’plant/plant shoot’ or /53 ‘plants’ and
18 ‘moon’, giving ‘sun emerging from vegetation
with moon still out’, i.e. ‘morning’. Bronze
occurrences commonly had earlierchanged
to 50 ‘river’, maybe to represent near-homophone
meaning ‘morning tide, tide’ (later
192
L3
直
CHOKUSETSUdirect
SHŌJIKIhonesty
naoshiyarepairman
CHOKU, JIKI,
naoru/su, sugu, tadachi
direct, upright, fix
8 strokes
The OBI form is generally taken as 76
‘eye’, and (replaced in seal script by )
as phonetic with associated sense ‘straight’
(Mizukami suggests alternatively could be
193
通
TSŪ, tōru/su, kayou
pass, commute, way
L4
10 strokes
TSŪKŌpassage
TSŪKINcommuting
ōdōrimain road
OBI ; bronze ; seal: . Has 85 ‘walk
along road, go’, and a right-hand element as
phonetic which varies ( [235 ‘use’] in OBI,
in seal [CO; taken variously as ‘flower buds
952) (Shirakawa); Gu treats the change from
as erroneous. The seal form in Shuowen
may involve corruption in shape in relation to
bronze equivalents. At the clerical script stage,
became usual here instead of the right-hand
side in seal with 1450 ‘boat’; Qiu regards this
as a shape abbreviation of , and this led to
block script . Analyses of this graph differ;
above account is tentative. MS1995:v1:640-41;
SS1984:603; QX2000:109-10; AS2007:607;
GY2008:1382; SK1984:391.
Mnemonic: SUN RISES THROUGH PLANTS,
MOON STILL OUT – IT’S MORNING
taken as semantic element for ‘straight’.) Occasionally
in the bronze forms, then routinely
in the seal script, a curved line was added (final
stroke in the modern form) with the sense
‘bend’; the graph is then taken to convey
‘straighten the gaze’ (Mizukami, Yamada,
Katō), and by extension ‘straighten’ generally.
MR2007:480-81; MS1995:v2:914-5; KJ1975:687-
8; YK1976:369-70. We suggest taking as a
cross.
Mnemonic: CROSS EYED – NEED TO FIX IT
DIRECTLY
emerging’, ‘person leaping up’, and ‘suspension
ring at top of bell’]), but with the same associated
sense ‘go through, penetrate’, giving ‘road
carries on through’. This treatment finds support
in Tōdō, who has , , and all in the same
word-family ‘penetrate’. MS1995:v1:1294-5;
KJ1970:671; TA1965:286-90. We suggest taking
as a bent figure, and in its present meaning
of ‘use’.
Mnemonic: BENT FIGURE USES PASSAGE-WAY
TO COMMUTE
The 160 Second Grade Characters 93