480531170
134 合 GŌ, KATSU, au/waseru Alternatively, taken as 22 ‘mouth; speak’, and meet, join, fit as phonetic with associated sense ‘reply’, L 4 6 strokes giving ‘reply (to questions)’. ‘Meet, put together, join’ are extended senses if the first view above GŌRIrationality is followed, or loan uses in relation to the KASSENbattle second. MR2007:323; OT1968:166; SS1984:317; hanashiaidiscussion MS1995:v1:212-3. OBI ; bronze . In one view, seen as pictograph of a receptacle with lid (Ogawa). Mnemonic: COVER FITS OVER A RECEPTACLE 135 谷 KOKU, tani valley, gorge L 3 7 strokes YŪKOKUdeep ravine tanisokovalley bottom Hasegawaa surname OBI ; bronze ; seal . Views differ. In one view, upper strokes in OBI and bronze are seen as water flowing, and as a (mountain) spring (Gu). Another view sees mountain slopes and valley depression (Shirakawa). Yet again, the 136 L 5 国 KOKU, kuni country, region 8 strokes GAIKOKUoverseas KOKKAstate kuniguninations OBI ; bronze ; seal ; traditional OBI form has 545 ‘halberd, arms’, and lower left here indicating ‘boundary’ to make up , in one view meaning ‘defend defined area with arms’ (Shirakawa treats the area more specifically as fortified town). Used in the sense ‘state’ upper strokes are treated as meaning ‘open up’ (reduplication of 70 ‘divide up, open up’), combining with 22 ’mouth, cavity’ as semantic and phonetic to give ‘wide open mouth’ (Katō); in this view, ‘mountain valley’ seems to be taken as an extended sense. Mizukami agrees broadly, but notes ‘cave from which spring water emerges’ as alternative meaning. MR2007:450; SS1984:320-21; OT1968:946; KJ1985:573. Mnemonic: DOUBLY WIDE OPEN VALLEY MOUTH already from the Shang Dynasty. In bronze, or probably added to emphasize boundaries. is considered to represent a word in the same Chinese word-family as 828 ‘area, limits’ (Schuessler). There is an alternative interpretation of (see 828), but still includes the meaning ‘defined area’ as in the above view. MR2007:477; SS1984:321; KJ1970:28; YK1976:188-9; MS1995:v1:258-9,536-7; AS2007:268. We suggest taking the enclosed part of the modern form as 15 ‘jewel’. Mnemonic: A COUNTRY IS AN ENCLOSED JEWEL 137 黒 KOKU, kuroi black L 4 11 strokes KOKUBANblackboard KOKKAIBlack Sea kuroMAKUmanipulator Bronze ; seal ; traditional . Interpretations differ somewhat (the top part of the graph is taken as representing, for instance, a primitive window or chimney or grille), but there is broad agreement that the depiction in the original bronze forms involves flames (now in its short form 8) and smoke rising and causing an accumulation of soot, hence the extended meaning ‘black’. KJ1970:961; OT1968:1165; SS1984:322. We suggest taking 238 as the graph for ‘village’, comprising 63 ‘field’ and 64 ‘ground’. Mnemonic: GROUND IN BURNT FIELD IS BLACK The 160 Second Grade Characters 79
138 L5 今 KON, KIN, ima now 4 strokes KONSHŪthis week KONDOthis time imagoroaround now The OBI forms such as are taken by Katō and Ogawa to depict a roof covering some sort of object; Shirakawa interprets as a lid and stopper over a container. Either way, the meaning ‘now’ represents a loan usage. KJ1970:175-6; OT1968:42; SS1984:325. Mnemonic: NOW IS THE TIME TO COVER THAT OBJECT 139 才 SAI talent, age, -year L3 3 strokes TENSAIgenius GOSAIfive years old SAINŌtalent Etymology uncertain. Early forms , . There are numerous proposals for this graph, which appears from OBI onwards. Among them, Ma notes the view that it depicts a plant appearing above the surface for the first time. Ogawa and Shirakawa, by contrast, see it as a length 140 L3 細 SAI, hosoi, komakai slender, fine 11 strokes SAIKUcraftsmanship hosonagaislender komagomain detail of wood secured in the ground, with a horizontal length or bundle to form a cross shape; Shirakawa then hypothesizes that this served as a marker of sacred places. Katō follows the hypothesis of a noted Chinese scholar, who believes it depicts a river blocked up, with disastrous consequences. It is unclear as to how it gained its present meanings, but probably through loan usage. MR2007:341-2; OT1968:399; SS1984:334; KJ1970:420-21. Mnemonic: PROPPING UP THE CROSS SHOWS TALENT Late graph (Shuowen). Seal form has 29 ‘thread’ as semantic, and 囟 (CO originally a pictograph of skull or fontanelle) as phonetic, with associated sense ‘thin, slender’. The change from 囟 to in standard script is due either to script regularization or mistaken analysis. KJ1970:469; YK1976:198; SS1984:338. We suggest taking as 63 ‘field’. Mnemonic: SLENDER PATH THREADS THROUGH FIELD 141 作 SAKU, SA, tsukuru make, make up L4 7 strokes SEISAKUproduction SAKUHINa work DŌSAaction Originally the graph was just , with OBI forms such as showing what is seen as timber being cut with an ax. Some bronze forms have a hand appended; later this was dropped, and the ‘person’ determinative 41 was added. ‘To make’ evolved as an extended meaning. As the phonetic in , also has associated sense of ‘modified, not genuine’ (cf English ‘made up’). MS1995:v1:18-20, 54; KJ1970:435-6; OT1968:25,53. We suggest taking as a saw. Mnemonic: PERSON USES SAW TO MAKE THINGS 80 The 160 Second Grade Characters
- Page 29 and 30: that the word kuruma ‘vehicle’
- Page 31 and 32: Hiragana and Katakana and Their Sou
- Page 33 and 34: Hiragana Katakana HO from HO from
- Page 35 and 36: The 214 Determinatives (or ‘Radic
- Page 37 and 38: No. English Alternative forms/nickn
- Page 39 and 40: No. English Alternative forms/nickn
- Page 41 and 42: No. English Alternative forms/nickn
- Page 43 and 44: 4. However, in a few cases vertical
- Page 45 and 46: Editorial and Typographical Matters
- Page 48 and 49: THE KANJI
- Page 50 and 51: 6 L4 音 ON, IN, oto, ne sound 9
- Page 52 and 53: 14 休 KYŪ, yasumu rest(ing) L5 6
- Page 54 and 55: 23 L5 校 KŌ school, check 10 stro
- Page 56 and 57: 33 L5 車 SHA, kuruma vehicle 7
- Page 58 and 59: 43 L4 GAKUSEI student ISSH
- Page 60 and 61: 51 L5 52 L4 先 SEN, saki prior,
- Page 62 and 63: 59 L5 中 4 CHŪ, naka middle, insi
- Page 64 and 65: 68 年 NEN, toshi year L5 6 strokes
- Page 66 and 67: 76 L5 目 5 MOKU, me, ma eye, look,
- Page 68 and 69: 85 遠 EN, tōi distant L4 13 strok
- Page 70 and 71: 93 L5 会 KAI, E, au meet 6 stro
- Page 72 and 73: 101 L3 丸 3 GAN, maru, marui round
- Page 74 and 75: 110 L4 111 L4 京 KYŌ, KEI c
- Page 76 and 77: 118 L5 言 GEN, GON, koto, iu wo
- Page 78 and 79: 126 L3 公 KŌ, ōyake public, fair
- Page 82 and 83: 142 L3 算 SAN reckon, count 14
- Page 84 and 85: 150 L4 自 JI, SHI, mizukara sel
- Page 86 and 87: 158 春 SHUN, haru of ‘forest’.
- Page 88 and 89: 166 L4 親 SHIN, oya, shitashii
- Page 90 and 91: 174 L3 雪 SETSU, yuki snow 11 stro
- Page 92 and 93: 182 L4 体 TAI, TEI, karada body 7
- Page 94 and 95: 190 L4 鳥 CHŌ, tori bird 11 st
- Page 96 and 97: 199 冬 TŌ, fuyu winter L4 5 strok
- Page 98 and 99: 207 L3 内 NAI, DAI, uchi inside
- Page 100 and 101: 215 L3 番 BAN number, guard, tu
- Page 102 and 103: 224 L5 北 HOKU, kita north, fle
- Page 104 and 105: 233 L4 234 L5 野 YA, no moor
- Page 106 and 107: THE 200 THIRD GRADE CHARACTERS 241
- Page 108 and 109: 249 L4 院 IN institute 10 strok
- Page 110 and 111: 258 L3 HENKAchange KESHŌmake-u
- Page 112 and 113: 267 L3 岸 GAN, kishi bank, shor
- Page 114 and 115: 276 L4 去 KYO, KO, saru go, leave,
- Page 116 and 117: 285 L3 君 KUN, kimi lord, you, Mr
- Page 118 and 119: 294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn
- Page 120 and 121: 303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, serv
- Page 122 and 123: 311 L3 式 SHIKI ceremony, form 6 s
- Page 124 and 125: 319 受 JU, ukeru receive L3 8 stro
- Page 126 and 127: 327 L3 宿 SHUKU, yado(ru) lodge, s
- Page 128 and 129: 335 L3 勝 SHŌ, katsu, masaru win,
138<br />
L5<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
今<br />
KON, KIN, ima<br />
now<br />
4 strokes<br />
KONSHŪthis week<br />
KONDOthis time<br />
imagoroaround now<br />
The OBI forms such as are taken by Katō and<br />
Ogawa to depict a roof covering some sort of<br />
object; Shirakawa interprets as a lid and stopper<br />
over a container. Either way, the meaning<br />
‘now’ represents a loan usage. KJ1970:175-6;<br />
OT1968:42; SS1984:325.<br />
Mnemonic: NOW IS THE TIME TO COVER THAT<br />
OBJECT<br />
139<br />
才<br />
SAI<br />
talent, age, -year<br />
L3<br />
3 strokes<br />
TENSAIgenius<br />
GOSAIfive years old<br />
SAINŌtalent<br />
Etymology uncertain. Early forms , . There<br />
are numerous proposals for this graph, which<br />
appears from OBI onwards. Among them, Ma<br />
notes the view that it depicts a plant appearing<br />
above the surface for the first time. Ogawa<br />
and Shirakawa, by contrast, see it as a length<br />
140<br />
L3<br />
細<br />
SAI, hosoi, komakai<br />
slender, fine<br />
11 strokes<br />
SAIKUcraftsmanship<br />
hosonagaislender<br />
komagomain detail<br />
of wood secured in the ground, with a horizontal<br />
length or bundle to form a cross shape;<br />
Shirakawa then hypothesizes that this served<br />
as a marker of sacred places. Katō follows<br />
the hypothesis of a noted Chinese scholar,<br />
who believes it depicts a river blocked up,<br />
with disastrous consequences. It is unclear<br />
as to how it gained its present meanings, but<br />
probably through loan usage. MR2007:341-2;<br />
OT1968:399; SS1984:334; KJ1970:420-21.<br />
Mnemonic: PROPPING UP THE CROSS<br />
SHOWS TALENT<br />
Late graph (Shuowen). Seal form has 29<br />
‘thread’ as semantic, and 囟 (CO originally a<br />
pictograph of skull or fontanelle) as phonetic,<br />
with associated sense ‘thin, slender’. The change<br />
from 囟 to in standard script is due either<br />
to script regularization or mistaken analysis.<br />
KJ1970:469; YK1976:198; SS1984:338. We suggest<br />
taking as 63 ‘field’.<br />
Mnemonic: SLENDER PATH THREADS<br />
THROUGH FIELD<br />
141<br />
作<br />
SAKU, SA, tsukuru<br />
make, make up<br />
L4<br />
7 strokes<br />
SEISAKUproduction<br />
SAKUHINa work<br />
DŌSAaction<br />
Originally the graph was just , with OBI forms<br />
such as showing what is seen as timber<br />
being cut with an ax. Some bronze forms have<br />
a hand appended; later this was dropped, and<br />
the ‘person’ determinative 41 was added.<br />
‘To make’ evolved as an extended meaning.<br />
As the phonetic in , also has associated<br />
sense of ‘modified, not genuine’ (cf English<br />
‘made up’). MS1995:v1:18-20, 54; KJ1970:435-6;<br />
OT1968:25,53. We suggest taking as a saw.<br />
Mnemonic: PERSON USES SAW TO MAKE<br />
THINGS<br />
80 The 160 Second Grade Characters
Change language