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93
L5
会
KAI, E, au
meet
6 strokes
KAISHAcompany
ESHAKUgreeting
KOKKAIthe Diet
Traditional . Early forms (OBI and bronze)
show and . Upper and middle parts are
typically seen as showing lid over vessel or
pot – probably cooking pot. Putting a lid on
a pot suggests a subsequent extended sense
of ‘join, ‘come/put together’, and the phonetic
94
海
KAI, umi
sea
L4
9 strokes
KAIGUNnavy
NIHONKAIJapan Sea
umibeseaside
Bronze . Has ‘water’ 42, and 225 (‘every’)
as phonetic with associated sense widely
taken as ‘dark’ (or similar). In Tōdō’s word-family
95
L3
絵
KAI, E
picture
12 strokes
KAIGApicture, painting
kuchiEfrontispiece
EHONpicture-book
Traditional . A graph of relatively late origin
(Shuowen) . Right-hand element is phonetic,
96
L5
外
GAI, GE, soto, hoka,
hazusu/reru
outside, other, undo,
miss
5 strokes
GAIJINforeigner
GEKAsurgery
sotogawaoutside
element of this graph (top strokes) is also taken
to have that meaning. Alternatively, regarding
the lower element, Karlgren suggests a stand,
while Shirakawa takes it to be a rice steamer.
was abbreviated to on the basis of cursive
forms. MR2007:323-4; TA1965:643-5; YK1976:87;
AS2007:287-8; BK1957:95-6; SS1984:86;
FC1974:v1:1082-3. Suggest remembering its
present form as person(s) 41, 65 ‘two’, and
nose, and imagine you’re in New Zealand for
a Maori greeting that entails rubbing noses.
Mnemonic: TWO PERSONS’ NOSES MEET
‘black, dark’. Ma notes that one of the meanings
of is ‘dark’, and Katō also points to early
use of in the sense of ‘dark grey’, and links
this to the ocean. Schuessler notes that in early
China (the Zhou dynasty) the words for ‘ocean/
sea’ and ‘dark’ were close in pronunciation.
MR2007:220; KJ1970:149; AS2007:270, 288;
OT1968:548.
Mnemonic: EVERY DROP OF WATER ENDS UP
IN THE SEA
meaning ‘join, come together’ (see 93
‘meet’), and is combined here with 29
‘thread’ to represent initially a meaning such as
‘embroidered pattern’, but later more broadly
to include drawings or pictures in general.
SS1984:92; KJ1970:321; YK1976:90-91.
Mnemonic: THREADS MEET IN EMBROIDERED
PICTURE
Bronze ; seal . Interpretations vary, but
it is widely agreed that signifies divination,
as practiced in ancient China. The shape
represents cracks in the surface of turtle shells
etc (see too 1598). Opinions differ regarding
left-hand element . Ma and Katō see it
as 46 ‘moon’, i.e. night. The Shuowen notes
that divination was normally done at dawn,
thus suggesting doing something outside
norms, hence an extended meaning of ‘outside’.
Schuessler accepts 46 as ‘moon’ but treats
it only as phonetic. Shirakawa, though, takes
as ‘meat, flesh’ (see 209), noting animal
sacrifices were made during the divination process.
MR2007:359-60; KJ1970:91; AS2007:506;
SS1984:98-9.
Mnemonic: CRESCENT MOON WITH A CRACK
ON THE OUTSIDE?!
The 160 Second Grade Characters 69