480531170

2104
励
RUI, hagemu/masu later variant, with (NJK,‘whetstone’)
encourage, strive as phonetic in place of ; possibly this
L1
7 strokes
evolved as a folk etymology (i.e. erroneous
etymology) based on interpreting the
SEIREIdiligence
meaning of 勱 as deriving from sharpening
SHŌREI encouragement
one’s efforts. Zhengzitong (1771) treats
hagemiau vie
as a popular variant. was, though, given
Seal ( 勱 ) ; late graph (Shuowen); tradi-
official status in Japan in the first Jōyō kanji
List of 1923; this was replaced by in the
Tōyō kanji list of 1946. MS1995:v2:1124-6;
DJ2009:v3:1135; KJ1970:916-17; TA1965:551;
KZ2001:268/3671; ZZ1671:v1:180. Take as
cliff, and as ‘strongly’.
tional: 勱 . Has 78 ‘strength, effort’, with
(traditional equivalent for 227 ‘ten
thousand, myriad’; originally, pictograph
of scorpion) as phonetic with associated
sense ‘strive’ or similar (Tōdō says ‘apply
great stimulus’), giving ‘great effort’. There
is also the form , which seems to be a
Mnemonic: STRONGLY ENCOURAGE TO
CLIMB TEN THOUSAND CLIFFS
2105
戻
RUI, modoru/su
return, reject, vomit
L2
7 strokes
modoshiZEItax refund
HENREI return
modoshisō feeling sick
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional
. The traditional interpretation (Shuowen)
is that this graph, comprising 19 ‘dog’
with 120 ‘door’, represents a dog twisting
and turning to get under a door or entrance,
and this is followed by several scholars
(Ogawa, Katō). Katō takes ‘go back’ as an
extended sense deriving from a dog going
back – i.e. return – to its original shape (posture)
after getting under a door. However,
this proposed Shuowen-based etymology
seems questionable. An alternative proposal
by Shirakawa takes as showing a dog buried
beneath an entrance as a preventative
spell. A further analysis treats it as , with
as phonetic with associated sense ‘shut
in’, giving ‘wild/rampaging dog is shut in (by
entrance)’, and by extension ‘act contrary
to, go against’ (noted in Mizukami). Etymology
of this graph is debated; Schuessler has
‘arrive, reach, settle’ as possible meanings
for in a word-family related to 237
‘come’ (as opposed to ‘return’). OT1968:398;
KJ1970:1917; SS1984:897; MS1995:v1:546-7;
AS2007:342-3. ‘Dog’ has now been replaced
by what is in effect ‘big’ 56.
Mnemonic: BIG DOOR LETS PEOPLE RETURN,
OR REJECT THEM IF VOMITING
2106
L1
鈴
REI, RIN, suzu
bell (small), chime
13 strokes
DENREIelectric bell
FŪRIN wind chime
Suzuki a surname
Bronze ; seal . Consists of 16 ‘metal’,
combined with 633 (‘order, rule’) as phonetic,
taken either as having an associated
sense ‘clear and attractive’ (Tōdō), or purely
as onomatopoeic for a bell sound (Ogawa);
either way, the overall meaning is ‘metal
bell’. Note that the Japanese are very fond of
their wind chimes, heralding a breeze in the
The Remaining 1130 Characters 633