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kami notes a different view that sees earth piled up to a cone-shaped top (instead of sapling), thus ‘cone-shaped altar or mound’, also able to indicate boundary. Support is found in Schuessler for most of the above views (‘mound, raise earth, boundary embankment’). ‘Shut, close off’ is an extended sense. The seal form has changed to another graph for ‘hand’, viz. 920; the two were not always differentiated in use in early texts. KJ1970:860; MS1995:v1:394-5; GY2008:777; OT1968:287; AS2007:237. Take left side as (double) piled ‘earth’ 64. Mnemonic: HAND PILES UP EARTH TO CLOSE OFF FIEF 1922 L1 伏 6 FUKU, fusu/seru bow down, hide, crouch, yield strokes KIFUKUundulations SENPUKUlurking fushitehumbly Bronze ; seal . Has 41 ‘person’ with 19 ‘dog’. Views vary. One takes as dog at person’s side, and so ‘conceal, hide’ (Ogawa), presumably in hunting context. Similarly, Tōdō takes as meaning ‘dog accompanies owner’. In contrast, Gu takes as showing dog lying in wait for a chance to attack someone. The components are clear, but it is difficult to establish the original meaning of this graph. OT1968:52; TA1965:153; GY2008:280. Mnemonic: PERSON CROUCHES TO HIDE FROM DOG 1923 幅 FUKU, haba Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 1232 width, scroll ‘piece of cloth’, with 畐 409 (‘bulbous/full wine L2 12 strokes jar’) as phonetic with associated sense taken as i] ‘swollen’, thus ‘cloth swollen sideways, SHINPUKUamplitude width’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘full’ or ‘distance between’, GAFUKUpicture scroll thus ‘distance from left to right, width’ (Katō). yokohababreadth KJ1970:828; OT1968:319. Take 畐 as ‘field’ 63, one 1, and ‘entrance’ 22. Mnemonic: ONE CLOTH SPANS WIDTH OF ENTRANCE TO FIELD 1924 覆 FUKU, ōu, Seal . Has ‘stopper, cover’ (originally a kutsugaeru/su pictograph; not a variant of similarly-shaped L1 overturn, cover 169 ‘west’), combined with 803 (‘again, 18 strokes repeat’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘wrap, envelop’, giving ‘cover’. ‘Overturn’ is a loan usage. MS1995:v2:1176-7; OT1968:913. We suggest taking as ‘west’. FUKUMENmask TENPUKUoverturn FUKUSUIspilt water Mnemonic: WEST OVERTURNED AGAIN! MUST BE COVER STORY! The Remaining 1130 Characters 575

1925 L2 払 FUTSU, harau pay, rid, sweep away 5 strokes FUTTEIshortage haraimodosurefund haraidasudrive out Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen); traditional . Has 34 ’hand’, with (NJK, ‘straighten’; see Note below) as phonetic with associated sense taken as i] ‘suddenly remove’, giving ‘push aside with the hand’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘dirt’, giving ‘remove dirt by hand’ (Katō). Note: the OBI form of is taken by Gu as depicting bent arrows being straightened using cord wrapped round them, while Shirakawa takes it to be cord wrapped round saplings to bind and keep them straight. was later borrowed as a convenient way of representing a grammatical function word of negative meaning. In older Japanese texts, is sometimes found used again as a loan – in this case on the basis of shape – for DORU ‘dollar’. OT1968:401; KJ1970:832; GY2008:598; SS1984:202. We suggest taking as a nose. Mnemonic: HAND GIVES SWEEPING BLOW TO NOSE TO GET PAYMENT 1926 沸 FUTSU, waku/kasu Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 42 ‘water’, boil, gush and (‘straighten’; see 1925 Note) as phonetic L2 8 strokes with associated sense ‘emerge suddenly, gush out’, giving ‘water gushes out’. Katō sees ‘boil’ FUTTENboiling point as loan usage. The change of to , though wakitatsuseethe wakiderugush forth used in / 1925, was judged too radical for this graph in Japan. KJ1970:832; OT1968:568. Suggest winding on sticks. Mnemonic: WATER ‘UNWINDS’ BOUND STICKS WHEN IT BOILS 1927 紛 FUN, magireru/rasu Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 29 magirawashii ‘thread’, with 218 ‘divide, separate’ as semantic and phonetic, giving ‘thread becomes L1 confusion, stray 10 strokes separated, tangled thread’; by extension, ‘be confused’. OT1968:771; TA1965:726-9; SS1984:756-7. FUNSHITSUloss FUNSŌdispute FUNPUNin confusion Mnemonic: DIVIDED THREADS GO ASTRAY, CAUSING CONFUSION 1928 L1 雰 12 FUN atmosphere, air, ambience, fog strokes FUN’IKIatmosphere, ambience MUFUNmisty air SŌFUNfrosty air Seal . The main heading in Shuowen has , comprising ‘vapors, cloud layers’ (original way of writing 12 ‘spirit’), with 218 (‘divide’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘disperse’, giving ‘dispersed vapors, atmosphere’, and also ‘mist’. is noted as an alternative form, the determinative replaced by 3 ‘rain’, likewise combining with as phonetic. DJ2009:v1:31; MS1995:v2:726-8; SS1984:757; AS2007:235; OT1968:1085. Mnemonic: RAIN DIVIDES THE ATMOSPHERE 576 The Remaining 1130 Characters

1925<br />

L2<br />

払<br />

FUTSU, harau<br />

pay, rid, sweep away<br />

5 strokes<br />

FUTTEIshortage<br />

haraimodosurefund<br />

haraidasudrive out<br />

Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen); traditional<br />

. Has 34 ’hand’, with (NJK, ‘straighten’;<br />

see Note below) as phonetic with associated<br />

sense taken as i] ‘suddenly remove’, giving<br />

‘push aside with the hand’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘dirt’,<br />

giving ‘remove dirt by hand’ (Katō). Note: the<br />

OBI form of is taken by Gu as depicting bent<br />

arrows being straightened using cord wrapped<br />

round them, while Shirakawa takes it to be cord<br />

wrapped round saplings to bind and keep them<br />

straight. was later borrowed as a convenient<br />

way of representing a grammatical function<br />

word of negative meaning. In older Japanese<br />

texts, is sometimes found used again as a<br />

loan – in this case on the basis of shape – for<br />

DORU ‘dollar’. OT1968:401; KJ1970:832;<br />

GY2008:598; SS1984:202. We suggest taking <br />

as a nose.<br />

Mnemonic: HAND GIVES SWEEPING BLOW TO<br />

NOSE TO GET PAYMENT<br />

1926<br />

沸<br />

FUTSU, waku/kasu Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 42 ‘water’,<br />

boil, gush<br />

and (‘straighten’; see 1925 Note) as phonetic<br />

L2<br />

8 strokes<br />

with associated sense ‘emerge suddenly, gush<br />

out’, giving ‘water gushes out’. Katō sees ‘boil’<br />

FUTTENboiling point<br />

as loan usage. The change of to , though<br />

wakitatsuseethe<br />

wakiderugush forth<br />

used in / 1925, was judged too radical for<br />

this graph in Japan. KJ1970:832; OT1968:568.<br />

Suggest winding on sticks.<br />

Mnemonic: WATER ‘UNWINDS’ BOUND STICKS<br />

WHEN IT BOILS<br />

1927<br />

紛<br />

FUN, magireru/rasu Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 29<br />

magirawashii<br />

‘thread’, with 218 ‘divide, separate’ as semantic<br />

and phonetic, giving ‘thread becomes<br />

L1<br />

confusion, stray<br />

10 strokes<br />

separated, tangled thread’; by extension,<br />

‘be confused’. OT1968:771; TA1965:726-9;<br />

SS1984:756-7.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

FUNSHITSUloss<br />

FUNSŌdispute<br />

FUNPUNin confusion<br />

Mnemonic: DIVIDED THREADS GO ASTRAY,<br />

CAUSING CONFUSION<br />

1928<br />

L1<br />

雰<br />

12<br />

FUN<br />

atmosphere, air,<br />

ambience, fog<br />

strokes<br />

FUN’IKIatmosphere, ambience<br />

MUFUNmisty air<br />

SŌFUNfrosty air<br />

Seal . The main heading in Shuowen has ,<br />

comprising ‘vapors, cloud layers’ (original<br />

way of writing 12 ‘spirit’), with 218 (‘divide’)<br />

as phonetic with associated sense ‘disperse’,<br />

giving ‘dispersed vapors, atmosphere’,<br />

and also ‘mist’. is noted as an alternative<br />

form, the determinative replaced by 3<br />

‘rain’, likewise combining with as phonetic.<br />

DJ2009:v1:31; MS1995:v2:726-8; SS1984:757;<br />

AS2007:235; OT1968:1085.<br />

Mnemonic: RAIN DIVIDES THE ATMOSPHERE<br />

576 The Remaining 1130 Characters

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