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1798 L1 瞳 DŌ, hitomi pupil (of eye) 17 strokes DŌKŌpupil (eye) DŌKŌSANDAIdilation DŌKŌSHUKUSHŌmiosis A late, post-Shuowen graph. Has 76 ‘eye’, with 385 (‘child’) with associated sense ‘swell up in round shape’ (Ogawa), giving ‘pupil’. OT1968:703; GY2008:1930. Mnemonic: A CHILD IS A PUPIL WITH PUPILS 1799 峠 tōge past, crest, crisis L1 9 strokes tōgemichipass Usui TōgeUsui Pass YONJŪ no tōgemidlife crisis A graph of the kokuji type, i.e. devised in Japan based on the formational principles of Chinese characters. Consists of 26 ‘mountain’, combined with a right-hand side made up of 39 ‘go up’ and 7 ‘go down’, giving ‘go up and down through mountains’, and hence ‘mountain pass’. By extension, ‘high point, crisis’. OT1968:303. Mnemonic: PASS GOES UP AND DOWN MOUNTAIN 1800 匿 TOKU conceal L1 10 strokes TOKUMEIpseudonym INTOKUconcealment HITOKUconcealment Bronze ; seal . Analyses diverge. The element 1487 (q.v.) is a determinative with a meaning which may provisionally be taken as ‘enclosure’. In one view, is treated as representing the meaning ‘hunch the body over and enclose (something) with the arms’, with or 896 (‘young’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘put, place’, giving ‘hide under armpit so no-one can see’ (Katō). In another view, taken as ‘enclosure’, with as phonetic with associated sense ‘mulberry leaves’ or ‘greens’, giving ‘keep things like mulberry leaves or greens within enclosure’. Alternatively, is taken as signifying ‘hidden/ remote place’, and in its possible original meaning, denoting a shamaness dancing wildly, giving the overall meaning ‘pray to the deities secretly’ (Shirakawa). All the above interpretations may be taken as leading to ‘hide, conceal’ as an extended or generalized sense. OT1968:134-5; KJ1970:705; SS1984:659. Mnemonic: YOUNGSTER CONCEALED IN AN ENCLOSURE 1801 督 TOKU supervise, urge L1 13 strokes TOKUREIencouragement KANTOKUsupervision TOKUSOKUurging Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Consists of 76 ‘eye’, combined with 1466 (‘uncle’) as phonetic with associated sense taken either as i] ‘urge, apply pressure’, giving ‘watch over work of others’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘stop, bring to rest’, giving ‘bring eyes to rest and watch, watch over’ (Katō). OT1968:702; KJ1970:744-5. Mnemonic: UNCLE’S EYE SUPERVISES The Remaining 1130 Characters 537

1802 L1 篤 TOKU sincere, serious 16 strokes TOKUSHIbenevolence KITOKUseriously ill TOKU toseriously Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 210 ‘horse’, combined with / 58 ‘bamboo’ as phonetic with associated sense taken either as i] ‘crouch, cower’, giving original meaning ‘slow horse’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘stamp down’, giving ‘horse advances steadily putting its hooves down firmly’ (Katō). In either interpretation, ‘sincere’ and ‘serious’ are taken as loan usages. On a cultural note, the two components bamboo and horse, pronounced chikuba, refer to a toddler’s wooden horse, and the term chikuba no tomo (now rather dated) means ‘a friend from early childhood’. OT1968:1126; KJ1970:744. Mnemonic: A BAMBOO HORSE SIGNIFIES SERIOUS SINCERITY 1803 栃 tochi horse chestnut L1 9 strokes TochigiKENTochigi Prefecture tochigayuchestnut porridge tochikonachestnut meal 1804 凸 TOTSU, deko convex, protrusion L1 5 strokes dekobokounevenness TOTSUMENconvexity ŌTOTSUunevenness This graph refers to the ‘Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata)’ or its fruit. A graph of the kokuji type, devised in Japan using the formational principles of Chinese characters. Determinative is 73 ‘tree, wood’, but etymology of the graph unclear beyond that. OT1968:501. We suggest taking the right-hand element as cliff and 227 ‘ten thousand’. Mnemonic: THERE ARE TEN THOUSAND CHESTNUT TREES ON THE CLIFF A late, post-Shuowen graph. Pictographic representation of a shape with projecting middle part, thus conveying ‘convex’. Contrasts with 1061 ‘concave’. According to Qiu, devised after the Qin and Han dynasties. OT1968:109; QX2000:54,175. Mnemonic: BOX-SHAPE HAS A PROTRUSION, SO IT IS CONVEX 1805 L2 突 8 TOTSU, tsuku thrust, lunge, protrude strokes TOTSUZENsuddenly TOTSUNYŪthrust tsukkomuthrust, plunge OBI ; seal ; traditional . Consists of 860 ‘hole, cave’, and 19 ‘dog’, but interpretations vary considerably as to how to analyse the two elements. In one view, taken as ‘dog rushes out from hole/cave’, and by extension ‘project; sudden’ (Ogawa, Gu). Ma, though, argues this is an inappropriate analysis, given that OBI forms depict a dog facing into a hole, not out from it, and considers the graph originally meant ‘sudden’. A different approach takes as ‘hole/ 538 The Remaining 1130 Characters

1802<br />

L1<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

篤<br />

TOKU<br />

sincere, serious<br />

16 strokes<br />

TOKUSHIbenevolence<br />

KITOKUseriously ill<br />

TOKU toseriously<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 210<br />

‘horse’, combined with / 58 ‘bamboo’<br />

as phonetic with associated sense taken<br />

either as i] ‘crouch, cower’, giving original<br />

meaning ‘slow horse’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘stamp<br />

down’, giving ‘horse advances steadily<br />

putting its hooves down firmly’ (Katō). In<br />

either interpretation, ‘sincere’ and ‘serious’<br />

are taken as loan usages. On a cultural note,<br />

the two components bamboo and horse,<br />

pronounced chikuba, refer to a toddler’s<br />

wooden horse, and the term chikuba no<br />

tomo (now rather dated) means<br />

‘a friend from early childhood’. OT1968:1126;<br />

KJ1970:744.<br />

Mnemonic: A BAMBOO HORSE SIGNIFIES<br />

SERIOUS SINCERITY<br />

1803<br />

栃<br />

tochi<br />

horse chestnut<br />

L1<br />

9 strokes<br />

TochigiKENTochigi Prefecture<br />

tochigayuchestnut porridge<br />

tochikonachestnut meal<br />

1804<br />

凸<br />

TOTSU, deko<br />

convex, protrusion<br />

L1<br />

5 strokes<br />

dekobokounevenness<br />

TOTSUMENconvexity<br />

ŌTOTSUunevenness<br />

This graph refers to the ‘Japanese horse<br />

chestnut (Aesculus turbinata)’ or its fruit. A<br />

graph of the kokuji type, devised in Japan<br />

using the formational principles of Chinese<br />

characters. Determinative is 73 ‘tree, wood’,<br />

but etymology of the graph unclear beyond<br />

that. OT1968:501. We suggest taking the<br />

right-hand element as cliff and 227 ‘ten<br />

thousand’.<br />

Mnemonic: THERE ARE TEN THOUSAND<br />

CHESTNUT TREES ON THE CLIFF<br />

A late, post-Shuowen graph. Pictographic<br />

representation of a shape with projecting<br />

middle part, thus conveying ‘convex’.<br />

Contrasts with 1061 ‘concave’. According<br />

to Qiu, devised after the Qin and Han dynasties.<br />

OT1968:109; QX2000:54,175.<br />

Mnemonic: BOX-SHAPE HAS A PROTRUSION,<br />

SO IT IS CONVEX<br />

1805<br />

L2<br />

突<br />

8<br />

TOTSU, tsuku<br />

thrust, lunge,<br />

protrude<br />

strokes<br />

TOTSUZENsuddenly<br />

TOTSUNYŪthrust<br />

tsukkomuthrust, plunge<br />

OBI ; seal ; traditional . Consists<br />

of 860 ‘hole, cave’, and 19 ‘dog’, but<br />

interpretations vary considerably as to how<br />

to analyse the two elements. In one view,<br />

taken as ‘dog rushes out from hole/cave’, and<br />

by extension ‘project; sudden’ (Ogawa, Gu).<br />

Ma, though, argues this is an inappropriate<br />

analysis, given that OBI forms depict a<br />

dog facing into a hole, not out from it, and<br />

considers the graph originally meant ‘sudden’.<br />

A different approach takes as ‘hole/<br />

538 The Remaining 1130 Characters

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