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CHAnoyu ‘tea ceremony’, hence the upper and lower case combination). Western
loanwords also use upper case, e.g., PANya “baker(y).” (PAN “bread” is
from Portuguese.) An asterisk against a romanized form indicates that the way of
reading the characters (or one of the characters) concerned is irregular, e.g.
heya* ‘room’, in which BU (‘part, section’) has the irregular reading he. Changes
in pronunciation such as consonantal change in non-initial position, e.g. k changing
to g (as in tsutsugata ‘cylindrical’ [cf. kata ‘mold’]) or h to b (as in
kayōbi ‘Tuesday’ [cf. hi ‘day’]) are not treated as irregular, and on the whole are not
specifically noted in the readings, as we assume that readers have at least a basic level
of familiarity with the Japanese language.
In this book, for Japanese we use a modified Hepburn system. The syllabic nasal
(the element written or in kana) is represented in Sino-Japanese by the letter N
or n followed by an apostrophe where necessary to avoid ambiguity. An example of
this is , which is romanized as TAN’I to show that it is the word (of three short
syllables, in kana) meaning ‘unit’ as opposed to the word tani ‘valley’ (two
short syllables, in kana). The long vowel equivalents of o and u are indicated
by a macron, as in tōri ‘road’.
For modern Chinese we use Pinyin romanization, with the tone marks omitted
for typographical simplicity (an exception is ‘Peking Palace’ [not ‘Beijing Palace’],
as here the older spelling seems entrenched). For early stages of Chinese we have
followed the system employed by Schuessler, though modified in some cases to
make it more readily understood by readers without a linguistic background.
Editorial and Typographical Matters; Romanization 45