480531170

1326
L1
侯
KŌ
marquis, lord
9 strokes
KŌSHAKUmarquis
ŌtaKŌMarquis Ōta
ŌKŌ royalty
Bronze ; seal . Treatments differ considerably.
Ogawa takes as the original form of ,
consisting of an arrow () and (normally a
determinative meaning ‘cliff’, but here a hanging
cloth, as target), giving ‘target’. Qiu likewise
takes it as an earlier form of . Katō too takes it
as meaning ‘target’, but as a separate graph from
, not as its predecessor. Shirakawa, in his treatment,
discusses , which he sees as an earlier
form of , takes as meaning ‘roof’, indicating
an arrow-shooting ritual of purificatory significance,
with the top two strokes of representing
a person on top of the roof, involved in the
ritual. According to Shirakawa, this ritual was
performed by persons whose duties extended
to protecting members of the royal family; for
this work they were rewarded with fiefs, and
were treated as members of lower-ranking or
peripheral nobility, hence the meaning ‘marquis’.
As can be seen, the treatments of show considerable
diversity, and this appears to reflect a
degree of confusion or uncertainty regarding
the true etymology of this graph in relation to
, and (see 504). However, amidst the
diversity of opinion regarding , the view put
forward by Shirakawa does seem to have some
merit. OT1968:63; QX2000:47,300; KJ1970:397-8;
SS1984:296. We suggest taking the graph as
41 ‘person’, 145 ‘arrow’, and as quiver on
its side.
Mnemonic: PERSON WITH ARROW AND
QUIVER IS A LORD [/ MARQUIS]
1327
恒
KŌ, tsune
always, constant
L1
9 strokes
KŌJŌconstancy
KŌKYŪperpetuity
KŌREI common usage
Bronze ; seal ; traditional . Has 164
‘heart, feelings’, with (see Note below) as
phonetic with associated sense of ‘fixed and not
moving’, thus ‘a heart which is firm/unwavering’,
then generalized to ‘constant’. In some early occurrences,
there seems to have arisen confusion
between the original shape of as noted above
on the one hand, and the separate graph shape
(see below) ‘go round, revolve’. In calligraphic
tradition, the brushwritten seems to have
become the model shape for this graph, but the
great dictionaries of pre-modern times such as
Kangxi zidian maintained the more etymologically
appropriate . In modern Japanese usage,
has been adopted as standard, reflecting a
process of shape regularization (is recurrent
as an element elsewhere in JK graphs, e.g.
924, whereas is not). Mizukami also lists a
proposed OBI equivalent for . Note: (NJK)
‘move across’; originally, either crescent moon
or boat between upper and lower line, indicating
moon moving within fixed limits, or a boat
moving within limits. MS1995:v1:506-7,30-33;
KJ1970:398-400; FC1977:26; ZZ1671:v1:440. As
with 924 we suggest taking this graph as as
‘two’ 65 and ‘days’ 66.
Mnemonic: FEELINGS CONSTANT OVER TWO DAYS
1328
洪
KŌ
flood, vast
L2
9 strokes
KŌZUIflood
KŌSEKISŌdiluvium
KŌDAI na vast
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 42
‘water(s)’, and 484 (‘together’) as phonetic
with associated sense taken as ‘big’, thus giving
‘flood’ (Ogawa), and by extension ‘vast,
great’; Tōdō takes associated sense as either
‘fall, descend’ or ‘thick’. On a geo-historical
note, in the Shuowen jiezi of ca.100AD, the
first dictionary of Chinese characters (total:
9353) arranged according to a system of
394 The Remaining 1130 Characters