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976 L1 奮 FUN, furuu be excited, stir 16 strokes FUNKIstirring FUNTŌhard fight furuitatsube stirred Bronze ; seal . Bronze has 63 ‘field, ground’, and element made up of 444 ‘garment’ combined with 324 ‘short-tailed bird, bird’ acting as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘bird flies up’, to give overall sense ‘bird flies up’. The seal form also has , but the second element is changed to 奞 , also meaning ‘bird flying’ and with overall sense ‘bird flies up’. By extension, ‘be animated, roused’. MS1995:v1:308-9; ZY2009:v1:199; OT1968:675; YK1976:440-41. Suggest taking top element as 56 ‘big’. Mnemonic: BIG BIRD IN FIELD STIRS, FLYING OFF EXCITEDLY 977 L3 並 HEI, nami, narabu row, line, rank with, ordinary 8 strokes HEIKŌparallelism namiki line of trees tsukinami commonplace OBI ; seal ; traditional . Two persons standing, not moving, giving ‘be lined up/in a row’; by extension, ‘ordinary’. MS1995:v2:982-3; OT1968:745; SS1984:761. Awkward as a mnemonic, but suggest two horizontal lines, two vertical lines, and four dots. Mnemonic: TWO LINES UP, TWO CROSS ROWS, FOUR DOTS – ORDINARY PATTERN 978 陛 HEI majesty, throne L1 10 strokes HEIKAMajesty HEIKENimperial audience RYŌHEIKAMajesties Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has /1907 ‘earthen mound’, and CO 坒 as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘be lined up/in a row’, to give ‘series of earthen steps’ (Ogawa, Tōdō). Katō and Yamada take /here as ‘foothold’ (treating steps as providing firm footing), giving ‘footholds for climbing a hill’, and from this Yamada posits ‘steps to the Imperial Palace’ as an extended sense. OT1968:1068; TA1965:768; KJ1970:836; YK1976:444. Suggest taking 坒 as 792 ‘compare’ and 64 ‘earth’. Mnemonic: HIS MAJESTY’S THRONE COMPARES TO AN EARTHEN HILL!? 979 L3 閉 11 HEI, tojiru, shimaru/meru close, shut strokes HEITENstore closing HEIKŌdumbfounded shimedasushut out Bronze ; seal . 231 ‘gate, door’, and 139 (modern senses: ‘talent, age’, but see), here in the sense ‘obstruct’, giving ‘close gates’ (Tōdō, Yamada). Alternative interpretations are offered by Ogawa, who takes as phonetic having associated sense ‘timber’, giving ‘close off entrance with timber’, and Shirakawa, who adopts a religious interpretation ( as semantic, representing a piece of wood with prayer receptacle attached). TA1965:770; YK1970:444; OT1968:1056; SS1984:763. Suggest taking as wooden prop. Mnemonic: CLOSE GATE WITH WOODEN PROP The 181 Sixth Grade Characters 299

980 L3 片 HEN, kata one side, piece 4 strokes DANPENfragment katateone hand katazukerutidy up 981 L3 補 12 HO, oginau supplement, make good, stopgap strokes HOJOsupport HOJŪsupplement HOKYŌreinforcement Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); Has 444 ‘gar - ment’, and NJK ; scholars dispute orig. meaning of latter (modern meanings inc ‘begin’). It is felt that what is now the one shape may have once represented two separate graphs of similar but different shape and meaning (Katō, with some support from Mizukami). One analysis of (analysis i]) takes the OBI and bronze forms as signifying ‘use an ax’, which is the Shuowen interpretation (< originally ‘hand holding ax’; now ‘father’ 216), over ‘use’ (a loan meaning; 235); this is one analysis listed by Mizukami, though none of the OBI forms he lists actually support this – rather, they support 982 暮 BO, kureru/rasu live, sunset, end L3 14 strokes BOSHUNlate spring yūgureevening kurashikatalifestyle OBI () ; seal . 809 (q.v.), the original way of writing , is made up of the sun 66 setting amongst trees or vegetation 53; there may be an associated sense for the vegetation component (‘cover’), but this is by no means universally favored (or necessary) as an interpretation. Later, was borrowed as a convenient way to write a near-homophone in early Chinese meaning ‘none, nothing’, and Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Seal form shows that represents one side of a tree (see 73) split or cut in half vertically, giving literally ‘split tree’, and hence ‘one side’. The split is probably conceptual, since to achieve this with ancient tools would have been extremely difficult. QX2000:204; YK1976:445; OT1968:633; KJ1970:787. Mnemonic: ONE SIDE OF A TREE IS SOME PIECE! the alternative view ii] which Mizukami lists, i.e. taking the OBI and bronze forms as representing a shoot of vegetation () in a field or seedbed. Another credible interpretation – iii] – is offered by Shirakawa, who takes the early forms of as showing a sapling with a framework supporting the lower part (interestingly, the OBI form Shirakawa lists supports the ‘use an ax’ interpretation). While there is divergence over the original meaning(s) of , there does appear to be some agreement over the function of this element in , i.e. that here serves as phonetic with associated sense ‘add on, patch’. Later, the idea of ‘garment’ was lost from , leading to generalised meanings such as ‘repair’, ‘add on’. MS1995:v2:870-71,v1:256-8; YK1976:450; KJ1970:857; OT1968:905; SS1984:777. Suggest taking right side as ‘use’ 235, and ‘needle’ 35, plus point. Mnemonic: USE NEEDLE POINT TO MAKE GOOD SOME SUPPLEMENTARY CLOTHES as a result, to represent the word for ‘evening’ clearly an extra ‘sun’ 66 was added to , thereby creating the new graph . Another meaning is ‘late’, and either this or ‘evening’ no doubt gave rise to ‘end’ as an extended sense. The Japanese-only meaning ‘live’ (kurasu) appears to have evolved through a connection with the verb kurasu in early Japanese which meant ‘spend time until darkness when the sun sets’. QX2000:193,227; OT1968:473,857; MS1995:v2:1118-9; KJ1970:776; AS2000:393, 519. Suggest taking as variant of ‘big’ 56. Mnemonic: LIVE TO SEE SUN SET AMONGST BIG PLANTS AT END OF THE DAY 300 The 181 Sixth Grade Characters

976<br />

L1<br />

奮<br />

FUN, furuu<br />

be excited, stir<br />

16 strokes<br />

FUNKIstirring<br />

FUNTŌhard fight<br />

furuitatsube stirred<br />

Bronze ; seal . Bronze has 63 ‘field,<br />

ground’, and element made up of 444<br />

‘garment’ combined with 324 ‘short-tailed<br />

bird, bird’ acting as semantic and phonetic,<br />

meaning ‘bird flies up’, to give overall sense<br />

‘bird flies up’. The seal form also has , but the<br />

second element is changed to 奞 , also meaning<br />

‘bird flying’ and with overall sense ‘bird<br />

flies up’. By extension, ‘be animated, roused’.<br />

MS1995:v1:308-9; ZY2009:v1:199; OT1968:675;<br />

YK1976:440-41. Suggest taking top element as<br />

56 ‘big’.<br />

Mnemonic: BIG BIRD IN FIELD STIRS, FLYING<br />

OFF EXCITEDLY<br />

977<br />

L3<br />

並<br />

HEI, nami, narabu<br />

row, line, rank with,<br />

ordinary<br />

8 strokes<br />

HEIKŌparallelism<br />

namiki line of trees<br />

tsukinami commonplace<br />

OBI ; seal ; traditional . Two persons<br />

standing, not moving, giving ‘be lined up/in a<br />

row’; by extension, ‘ordinary’. MS1995:v2:982-3;<br />

OT1968:745; SS1984:761. Awkward as a mnemonic,<br />

but suggest two horizontal lines, two<br />

vertical lines, and four dots.<br />

Mnemonic: TWO LINES UP, TWO CROSS<br />

ROWS, FOUR DOTS – ORDINARY PATTERN<br />

978<br />

陛<br />

HEI<br />

majesty, throne<br />

L1<br />

10 strokes<br />

HEIKAMajesty<br />

HEIKENimperial audience<br />

RYŌHEIKAMajesties<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has /1907<br />

‘earthen mound’, and CO 坒 as semantic and<br />

phonetic, meaning ‘be lined up/in a row’, to<br />

give ‘series of earthen steps’ (Ogawa, Tōdō).<br />

Katō and Yamada take /here as ‘foothold’<br />

(treating steps as providing firm footing), giving<br />

‘footholds for climbing a hill’, and from this<br />

Yamada posits ‘steps to the Imperial Palace’ as<br />

an extended sense. OT1968:1068; TA1965:768;<br />

KJ1970:836; YK1976:444. Suggest taking 坒 as<br />

792 ‘compare’ and 64 ‘earth’.<br />

Mnemonic: HIS MAJESTY’S THRONE<br />

COMPARES TO AN EARTHEN HILL!?<br />

979<br />

L3<br />

閉<br />

11<br />

HEI, tojiru,<br />

shimaru/meru<br />

close, shut<br />

strokes<br />

HEITENstore closing<br />

HEIKŌdumbfounded<br />

shimedasushut out<br />

Bronze ; seal . 231 ‘gate, door’, and<br />

139 (modern senses: ‘talent, age’, but see),<br />

here in the sense ‘obstruct’, giving ‘close gates’<br />

(Tōdō, Yamada). Alternative interpretations are<br />

offered by Ogawa, who takes as phonetic<br />

having associated sense ‘timber’, giving ‘close<br />

off entrance with timber’, and Shirakawa, who<br />

adopts a religious interpretation ( as semantic,<br />

representing a piece of wood with prayer<br />

receptacle attached). TA1965:770; YK1970:444;<br />

OT1968:1056; SS1984:763. Suggest taking as<br />

wooden prop.<br />

Mnemonic: CLOSE GATE WITH WOODEN<br />

PROP<br />

The 181 Sixth Grade Characters 299

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