480531170

972
L1
HININdenial
HITEITEKI negative
inamenaiundeniable
Bronze ; seal . Has 22 ‘mouth, speak’,
and 600 ‘not’ (q.v.), originally ‘flower calyx’,
but borrowed at early OBI stage for its sound
to represent a word meaning ‘not’. Loan use of
a pictograph in this way for its sound value to
represent another word, in this case one mean-
973
L3
否
批
HI, ina, inamu
no, decline, deny
7 strokes
HI
criticize, strike
7 strokes
HIHANcriticism
HIHYŌ commentary
HIJUNratification
974
秘
HI, himeru
(keep) secret
L1
10 strokes
HIMITSUsecret
GOKUHI top secret
HISHOsecretary
Seal (). is a later popular form. has
723 (originally, ‘offering table, altar’, now means
‘show’), with 597 (‘necessarily’) as phonetic
with associated sense taken as ‘hide and not
975
腹
FUKU, hara
belly, guts
L3
13 strokes
FUKUBUabdomen
CHŪFUKUmid-slope
haradachianger
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 209 ‘flesh,
meat’, and 复 (CO, an upright vessel with another
one upside-down underneath, and or
[for further details, see under 803; also see
Note below]) as phonetic in with associated
sense either i] ‘thick and abundant’, giving ‘thick
ing ‘not’, was a common device. Katō asserts that
here does not have a semantic function (a
function which is attributed to it in Shuowen),
and defines the meaning of as ‘to utter fu
verbally’, but this simply raises the question of
what fu means here. A more appropriate analysis
of treats as phonetic with associated sense
‘not’, to give literally ‘say no’, or simply ‘not’ >
‘refuse’ (Mizukami). Schuessler treats and
as originally representing the same word
in early Chinese, meaning ‘not’. KJ1970: 794-5;
MS1995:v1:220-222; AS2007:172-3; OT1968:173.
Mnemonic: MOUTH SAYS ‘NO’, IN DENIAL
Seal ( ). is a later popular form. has
34 ‘hand’, and (tentatively, ‘navel’ [Ogawa]),
as phonetic with associated sense ‘slap’,
giving ‘slap with hand’, extended to ‘criticize’.
YK1976:422; OT1968:405,549; DJ2009:v3:995.
Suggest as ‘compare’ 792.
Mnemonic: CRITICISM CAN INVOLVE A
HANDY COMPARISON
open’ (Yamada), ‘close’ (Ogawa), or ‘stick together
and not allow movement’ (Tōdō), all signifying
restriction in movement. Overall sense is ‘matters
of the gods which are hidden and not clear/
cannot leak outside’; later generalized to ‘hidden
and not clear’, hence ‘secret’. The modern form
using 87 ‘grain plant’ as the determinative is
probably a miscopying. YK1976:423; TA1965:765-
9; OT1968:722; DJ2009:v1:5.
Mnemonic: RICE PLANT IS NECESSARILY KEPT
SECRET
and swollen part of the body’ (Yamada), or ii]
‘cover’, giving ‘flesh covering the internal organs’
(Ogawa), with overall meaning in both analyses
‘belly, abdomen’. YK1976:438-9; OT1968:825;
MS1995:v1:286-8,v2:1078-9; OT1968:173. Note:
traditional form of has ‘descending foot’
(determinative no. 34), though in some early occurrences
of this graph it may have been ‘walk
slowly, drag foot’; see Appendix. Suggest 复 as
as crossed legs, 66 as ‘sun’, and