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810 L3 報 HŌ, mukuiru report, reward 12 strokes HŌKOKUreport DENPŌtelegram HŌSHŪreward Bronze ; seal . Left-hand 295 (‘good fortune’) is typically taken as being in error for CO 㚔 (the seal form is transitional in shape between and 㚔 ), which is interpreted in ways which include i] ‘needle for tattooing criminals/ chisel-like instrument used for punishment’ (Mizukami); ii] ‘handcuffs’ (Shirakawa); either interpretation gives the meaning ’criminal’ for 㚔 . Mizukami lists two analyses for : i] 㚔 () ‘criminal’, with
813 L3 貿 BŌ trade, exchange 12 strokes BŌEKIGYŌtrading BŌEKIFŪtrade wind BŌEKISHAtrader Bronze ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell currency/ money’, and (NJK ‘hare’ [zodiac sign], see also 824 and 2080; originally, ‘horse’s bit and fittings’ [Katō], or ‘split in two, force open’ [Gu, Mizukami]), as phonetic with associated sense ‘exchange’, giving ‘exchange goods with currency’. Mizukami also notes the alternative interpretation of favored by Tōdō as phonetic with the associated sense ‘seek something unreasonably from another’, to give ‘look for profit unreasonably from another’. YK1976:458; MS1995:v1:178-9,v2:1238-9; KJ1970:769-70; TA1965:241; GY2008:183. We suggest taking the components on top as sword 198 and as a symbol of being bent. Mnemonic: EXCHANGE BENT SWORD FOR MONEY IN TRADE DEAL 814 L3 暴 15 BŌ, BAKU, abareru/ku violence, expose strokes BŌRYOKUviolence BAKUROexposure abaremonoroughneck Seal forms i] , ii] . Seal forms vary in shape (Yamada lists three, including i] and ii]). Amidst such variation, the form with 220 ‘rice’ is considered to be the correct semantic element, combining with another component; Qiu notes that the form with occurs on Qin dynasty (221-206BC) bamboo slips (clerical script). Commentators vary in their interpretation of the component which is combined with , but those proposed, which include 曓 (‘sud- den illness’) (Yamada), are taken as serving as phonetic with associated sense ‘expose to the sun’, giving the overall sense ‘dry rice by exposing to the sun’; later, the sense was generalized to ‘expose to the sun’. Mizukami lists what he treats as a bronze equivalent for which is of different structure, being ‘sun’ with an element thought to represent an animal, again meaning ‘expose to the sun’, in this case as a sacrifice. The meaning ‘violence’ is probably a loan usage. In the block script form , the bottom element is in error for . YK1976:458-9; MS1995:v1:626-7; QX2000:200-01; KJ1970:776- 7; OT1968:474. We suggest taking the components as 66 ‘sun’, 484 ‘together’, and 氺 as ‘insufficient water’ ( 42). Mnemonic: EXPOSED TO VIOLENT SUN TOGETHER WITH INSUFFICIENT WATER 815 務 MU, tsutomeru (perform) duties L3 11 strokes GIMUduty JIMUSHOoffice SHOKUMUjob duties Bronze ; seal . Has 78 ‘strength, effort’ added at seal stage, and CO 敄 (itself comprising ] 112 ‘hit with stick [or similar]’/‘force’, with [another form of ‘halberd/lance’] as phonetic with associated sense ‘actively do something’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘force to do/forced work’, giving overall sense ‘endeavor to do compulsory work’; later generalized to ‘endeavour’ or ‘allotted work’. Mizukami also lists an alternative interpretation of 敄 as having the associated sense ‘make progress despite obstacles’, to give ‘strain to accomplish difficult work’. YK1976:466; MS1995:v1:140-41,570-71; KJ1970:863. Mnemonic: FANCY LANCE FORCES EFFORT IN PERFORMING DUTY 256 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters
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THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO Japanese Kanj
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Published by Tuttle Publishing, an
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The 80 First-Grade Characters......
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Acknowledgments Thanks are due to O
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writing brush, and then incised. Wr
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1.5 Cursive Script Forms While the
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5) ‘semantic-phonetic compounds
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alternative etymologies for the sam
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集韻 Jiyun (Collected Rhymes; J.
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text in reverse, then the blocks we
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eflects the reality that in this bo
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compound characters, in the form ),
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Limitations of This Book This book
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that the word kuruma ‘vehicle’
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Hiragana and Katakana and Their Sou
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Hiragana Katakana HO from HO from
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The 214 Determinatives (or ‘Radic
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No. English Alternative forms/nickn
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4. However, in a few cases vertical
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Editorial and Typographical Matters
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THE KANJI
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6 L4 音 ON, IN, oto, ne sound 9
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14 休 KYŪ, yasumu rest(ing) L5 6
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23 L5 校 KŌ school, check 10 stro
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33 L5 車 SHA, kuruma vehicle 7
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43 L4 GAKUSEI student ISSH
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51 L5 52 L4 先 SEN, saki prior,
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59 L5 中 4 CHŪ, naka middle, insi
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68 年 NEN, toshi year L5 6 strokes
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76 L5 目 5 MOKU, me, ma eye, look,
Page 68 and 69:
85 遠 EN, tōi distant L4 13 strok
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93 L5 会 KAI, E, au meet 6 stro
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101 L3 丸 3 GAN, maru, marui round
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110 L4 111 L4 京 KYŌ, KEI c
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118 L5 言 GEN, GON, koto, iu wo
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126 L3 公 KŌ, ōyake public, fair
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134 合 GŌ, KATSU, au/waseru Alter
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142 L3 算 SAN reckon, count 14
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150 L4 自 JI, SHI, mizukara sel
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158 春 SHUN, haru of ‘forest’.
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166 L4 親 SHIN, oya, shitashii
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174 L3 雪 SETSU, yuki snow 11 stro
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182 L4 体 TAI, TEI, karada body 7
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190 L4 鳥 CHŌ, tori bird 11 st
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199 冬 TŌ, fuyu winter L4 5 strok
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207 L3 内 NAI, DAI, uchi inside
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215 L3 番 BAN number, guard, tu
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224 L5 北 HOKU, kita north, fle
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233 L4 234 L5 野 YA, no moor
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THE 200 THIRD GRADE CHARACTERS 241
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249 L4 院 IN institute 10 strok
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258 L3 HENKAchange KESHŌmake-u
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267 L3 岸 GAN, kishi bank, shor
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276 L4 去 KYO, KO, saru go, leave,
Page 116 and 117:
285 L3 君 KUN, kimi lord, you, Mr
Page 118 and 119:
294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn
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303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, serv
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311 L3 式 SHIKI ceremony, form 6 s
Page 124 and 125:
319 受 JU, ukeru receive L3 8 stro
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327 L3 宿 SHUKU, yado(ru) lodge, s
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335 L3 勝 SHŌ, katsu, masaru win,
Page 130 and 131:
343 L4 進 SHIN, susumu/meru advanc
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351 L3 息 10 SOKU, iki breath, res
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359 第 DAI grade, order L3 11 stro
Page 136 and 137:
367 丁 CHŌ, TEI block , exact L1
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375 転 TEN, korogeru/garu rotate,
Page 140 and 141:
383 等 TŌ, hitoshii, nado class,
Page 142 and 143:
391 L3 畑 hata, hatake (dry-) f
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400 L3 筆 HITSU, fude writing brus
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408 L4 服 FUKU clothes, yield,
Page 148 and 149:
415 L4 味 MI, aji, ajiwau taste
Page 150 and 151:
423 有 YŪ, U, aru have, exist L4
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430 L3 様 14 YŌ, sama situatio
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437 L3 列 RETSU row, line 6 str
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texts for ‘use, employ, in order
Page 158 and 159:
451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
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458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru refo
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with minor bureaucrat/official’.
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pleased’ is seen as an extended s
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479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
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487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru comp
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494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
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solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
Page 174 and 175:
509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
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516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
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522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
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529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
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537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
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still acting as phonetic and still
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551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
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558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
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566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
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574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
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582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor,
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591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
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599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
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found in the clerical script. Mizuk
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614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
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621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
Page 206 and 207: 628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 stro
Page 208 and 209: 636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
Page 210 and 211: THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS 641
Page 212 and 213: 647 L3 易 8 EKI, I, yasui, yasa
Page 214 and 215: 654 L1 恩 ON favor, kindness 10 st
Page 216 and 217: 660 L1 賀 GA congratulations 12 st
Page 218 and 219: 667 L1 668 L3 幹 KAN, miki trun
Page 220 and 221: 674 L1 義 GI righteousness 13 s
Page 222 and 223: 682 L3 禁 KIN forbid, ban 13 st
Page 224 and 225: 690 L3 検 KEN investigate 12 strok
Page 226 and 227: sense, i.e. ‘test by comparison
Page 228 and 229: (original Peking Palace woodblock e
Page 230 and 231: 713 L3 罪 ZAI, tsumi crime, sin 13
Page 232 and 233: 720 L3 師 SHI teacher, model, a
Page 234 and 235: 726 L4 質 SHITSU, SHICHI, CHI q
Page 236 and 237: 733 L3 準 JUN level, conform, quas
Page 238 and 239: 741 L3 情 11 JŌ, SEI, nasake feel
Page 240 and 241: 749 製 SEI Seal ; late graph (Shuo
Page 242 and 243: 757 L1 銭 SEN, zeni sen, coin, mon
Page 244 and 245: 764 L3 則 SOKU, nori, nottoru rule
Page 246 and 247: 772 L3 団 DANgodumpling FUTONfu
Page 248 and 249: 780 L1 統 TŌ, suberu supervise, l
Page 250 and 251: 788 破 HA, yaburu/reru Seal ; late
Page 252 and 253: 796 L1 俵 HYŌ, tawara sack, ba
Page 254 and 255: of two vessels (one upright and the
Page 258 and 259: 816 L3 夢 MU, yume dream 13 stroke
Page 260 and 261: 824 L3 留 10 RYŪ, RU, tomaru/meru
Page 262 and 263: 830 映 EI, utsuru/su, haeru reflec
Page 264 and 265: 838 L3 割 KATSU, wari, waru div
Page 266 and 267: 847 L1 貴 KI, tattoi/bu, tōtoi
Page 268 and 269: 854 L1 筋 KINNIKUmuscle sujimi
Page 270 and 271: 862 L3 権 15 KEN, GON right, au
Page 272 and 273: 869 L1 后 6 KŌ, GO, kisaki empres
Page 274 and 275: 877 L3 骨 KOTSU, hone bone, frame
Page 276 and 277: 885 L1 蚕 SAN, kaiko silkworm 1
Page 278 and 279: 893 L1 射 SHA, iru shoot 10 stroke
Page 280 and 281: 900 L1 就 12 SHŪ, JU, tsuku take
Page 282 and 283: 907 L3 処 SHO deal with, place
Page 284 and 285: 914 L3 城 JŌ, shiro castle 9 stro
Page 286 and 287: 922 L1 聖 SEISHObible SEIJIN sa
Page 288 and 289: 930 L1 奏 9 SŌ, kanaderu play ins
Page 290 and 291: 938 存 SON, ZON senses ‘not move
Page 292 and 293: 946 値 CHI, atai, ne price, value
Page 294 and 295: 953 L3 賃 CHIN wages, fee 13 st
Page 296 and 297: 961 L3 乳 NYŪ, chichi, chi bre
Page 298 and 299: 968 L1 肺 HAI lung(s) 9 strokes
Page 300 and 301: 976 L1 奮 FUN, furuu be excited, s
Page 302 and 303: 983 L1 宝 HŌ, takara treasure
Page 304 and 305: 992 L1 模 MO, BO copy, model, m
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1000 L3 卵 RAN, tamago egg, roe
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THE REMAINING 1130 CHARACTERS 1007
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1015 依 I, E, yoru OBI ; seal . Ha
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1022 L1 椅 I chair 12 strokes IS
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1030 L1 茨 9 ibara, SHI thatch, br
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1038 唄 uta, BAI song L1 10 stroke
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item’ (Ogawa, Katō), or - origin
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noted in Mizukami as an extended me
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1059 L1 1060 L2 汚 6 O, kegare/
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1068 岡 oka, KŌ hill, knoll L3 8
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1075 穏 ON, odayaka peace, moderat
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1083 暇 KA, hima, itoma leisure, f
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1091 瓦 GA, kawara, GURAMU tile, g
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1099 L1 皆 KAI, min(n)a all, ev
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1106 L1 劾 8 GAI investigate (a wr
Page 336 and 337:
1114 垣 kaki fence, hedge L1 9 str
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1122 嚇 KAKU, odosu/kasu threaten,
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1129 L1 喝 KATSU shout, scold 11 s
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1137 鎌 kama, REN sickle L1 18 str
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1144 L1 陥 KAN, ochiiru collaps
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connection with 1146, the early mea
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1157 寛 KAN, kutsurogu magnanimous
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1166 L1 NENKANyearbook KANSHŌa
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1173 L1 KICHŪin mourning KIN
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1181 L1 ikuNINhow many people KI
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1188 宜 GI, yoroshii proper, good
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prises (see 611), a determinative
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1203 L1 丘 KYŪ, oka hill, hill
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distinguish carefully from the sim
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1217 狂 KYŌ, kuruu lunatic, mad L
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1225 L1 脅 10 KYŌ, odo(ka)su, obi
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1233 斤 KIN weight, ax L1 4 stroke
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1241 吟 GIN recite, sing L1 7 stro
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1248 串 kushi, KAN pierce, skewer
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1255 薫 KUN, kaoru/ri aroma, fragr
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meaning, and ‘mountain stream’
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1268 L1 慶 KEI, yorokobu joy, rejo
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1274 鯨 GEI, kujira whale L1 19 st
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1282 L2 剣 KEN, tsurugi sword,
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1289 遣 KEN, tsukau, yaru send, us
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visible’ is presumably a loan usa
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1301 L1 虎 KO, tora tiger, drunkar
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1309 顧 KO, kaerimiru look back L1
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OBI , bronze ; seal . The bronze fo
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sociated sense ‘hit, strike’, g
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determinatives (540 in total) there
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1336 L1 慌 KŌ, awateru/tadashii b
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1344 衡 KŌ, kubiki scales, yoke L
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1350 L1 豪 14 GŌSHŪAustralia
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ing the head of an insect, with leg
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1364 L1 懇 17 KON, nengoro na f
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1372 砕 SAI, kudaku/keru break, sm
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1379 L1 塞 13 SAI, SOKU, fusagu ob
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1387 索 SAKU rope, search L1 10 st
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1394 L1 撮 SATSU, toru, tsumamu pl
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1402 L2 伺 7 SHI, ukagau visit, se
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1410 嗣 SHI, tsugu heir, succeed t
Page 420 and 421:
agree that one component is / 42
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(profile) for ‘bed’ with a stro
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1429 L1 赦 SHA forgiveness 11 stro
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Shirakawa, though, takes as claws o
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first appeared [as independent grap
Page 430 and 431:
1447 L1 需 JU need, demand 14 stro
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1454 L1 羞 SHŪ, hajiru be ashamed
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1461 L1 充 JŪ, ateru, mitasu f
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for ‘uncle younger than one’s p
Page 438 and 439:
flecting the use in Shang times of
Page 440 and 441:
1480 L1 庶 11 SHO masses, vario
Page 442 and 443:
age; this complex form was ousted a
Page 444 and 445:
1494 L1 宵 SHŌ, yoi evening 10 st
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1501 L1 掌 SHŌ, tanagokoro con
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1507 L1 奨 SHŌ urge, encourage 13
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part in ancient China, being seen a
Page 452 and 453:
1520 L1 縄 JŌ, nawa rope, cord 15
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1526 拭 SHOKU, nuguu, fuku wipe, s
Page 456 and 457:
1534 L1 芯 7 SHIN core, padding, w
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eading furu ‘shake’, as also th
Page 460 and 461:
1546 L1 審 SHIN judge, investig
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overall meaning ‘enjoy union’,
Page 464 and 465:
1559 L1 帥 SUI commander 9 strokes
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consisting in one view of 1739 ‘
Page 468 and 469:
appears to already provide the mean
Page 470 and 471:
1578 L1 斉 SEI, hitoshii equal, si
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1586 L1 斥 SEKI, shirizokeru re
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1593 籍 SEKI meaning is ‘written
Page 476 and 477:
1599 扇 SEN, ōgi, aogu fan L1 10
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1607 箋 SEN paper, letter L1 14 st
Page 480 and 481:
1613 L1 禅 ZEN Zen, meditation 13
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1620 措 SO place, dispose L1 11 st
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1627 双 SŌ, futapair, both L2 4 s
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1634 L1 曹 SŌ, ZŌ official, c
Page 488 and 489:
1639 L1 葬 SŌ, hōmuru bury 12 st
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comb’. Sense then generalized to
Page 492 and 493:
1653 俗 ZOKU Bronze ; seal . Has 4
Page 494 and 495:
1658 唾 DA, tsuba(ki) Seal ; late
Page 496 and 497:
1665 L1 泰 TAI calm, serene, bi
Page 498 and 499:
1671 L1 戴 TAI, (DAI), itadaku rec
Page 500 and 501:
1678 L2 濯 TAKU wash, rinse 17 str
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ten with a pictograph showing two s
Page 504 and 505:
tograph of a young plant putting ou
Page 506 and 507:
elow); the associated sense of here
Page 508 and 509:
1705 L1 秩 CHITSU order 10 strokes
Page 510 and 511:
1712 L1 鋳 CHŪ, iru cast, found,
Page 512 and 513:
mean ‘monetary change’. Note: w
Page 514 and 515:
tower above; sign’) was added as
Page 516 and 517:
1730 珍 CHIN, mezurashii gives pro
Page 518 and 519:
1736 L1 塚 tsuka, CHŌ mound, tumu
Page 520 and 521:
port such an interpretation, though
Page 522 and 523:
1748 訂 TEI correct, revise L1 9 s
Page 524 and 525:
1756 摘 TEKI, tsumu/mamu pluck, ex
Page 526 and 527:
iguous in writing through addition
Page 528 and 529:
1768 L1 妬 TO, netamu/mi/mashii be
Page 530 and 531:
1775 到 TŌ, itaru Bronze ; seal .
Page 532 and 533:
phonetic, with associated sense ‘
Page 534 and 535:
1786 L1 搭 TŌ load, board 12 stro
Page 536 and 537:
1792 謄 TŌ copy L1 17 strokes T
Page 538 and 539:
1798 L1 瞳 DŌ, hitomi pupil (of e
Page 540 and 541:
cave’, and as phonetic with asso
Page 542 and 543:
How, though, did the graph come to
Page 544 and 545:
as depicting one person leaning aga
Page 546 and 547:
1826 L1 寧 NEI, mushiro peace,
Page 548 and 549:
1833 婆 BA, baba Seal ( ) . The se
Page 550 and 551:
ing things, thus ‘grow, cultivate
Page 552 and 553:
1847 L1 剥 HAKU, hagu/gasu peel, s
Page 554 and 555:
form, which has firewood projecting
Page 556 and 557:
1861 L1 氾 5 HAN flood, deluge, ov
Page 558 and 559:
1868 販 HAN sell, trade L2 11 stro
Page 560 and 561:
1874 L1 繁 HAN, shigeru profuse
Page 562 and 563:
1879 L2 彼 HI, kare, kano, ano
Page 564 and 565:
1886 L1 罷 HI, makaru cease, leave
Page 566 and 567:
1892 L1 肘 hiji elbow 7 strokes
Page 568 and 569:
1898 L1 描 BYŌ, egaku depict, dra
Page 570 and 571:
and flattish’; overall meaning is
Page 572 and 573:
later represented by changing deter
Page 574 and 575:
at clerical script stage. Note: 尃
Page 576 and 577:
kami notes a different view that se
Page 578 and 579:
1929 L1 噴 FUN, fuku emit, spout,
Page 580 and 581:
taken as ‘avoid’, thus ‘hangi
Page 582 and 583:
1942 癖 HEKI, kuse habit, kink L1
Page 584 and 585:
out metal fitting’ (on a gate/doo
Page 586 and 587:
1956 泡 HŌ, awa Seal ; a late gra
Page 588 and 589:
graph has the same structure but is
Page 590 and 591:
(both interpretations are listed in
Page 592 and 593:
added to indicate meaning of ‘sid
Page 594 and 595:
1985 L1 僕 BOKU, shimobe manser
Page 596 and 597:
1991 L1 奔 HON run, bustle 8 st
Page 598 and 599:
1997 磨 MA, migaku polish, scour,
Page 600 and 601:
2003 又 mata again L1 2 strokes
Page 602 and 603:
strange’. An alternative analysis
Page 604 and 605:
not done also). The original meanin
Page 606 and 607:
2022 盲 MŌ, mekura blind L1 8 str
Page 608 and 609:
ut ‘fire’. This commentator (Gu
Page 610 and 611:
2034 L1 愉 YU joy, pleasure 12 str
Page 612 and 613:
2040 湧 YŪ, waku , for which ther
Page 614 and 615:
2046 L1 融 YŪ, tokeru dissolve, m
Page 616 and 617:
ment in bronze stage equivalents of
Page 618 and 619:
ing it a distinct possibility that
Page 620 and 621:
2063 拉 RA, RATSU, hishigu/ Seal ;
Page 622 and 623:
2069 L1 2070 L1 酪 13 RAKU d
Page 624 and 625:
2076 L1 履 RI, haku footwear, walk
Page 626 and 627:
2081 L1 竜 RYŪ, tatsu dragon 1
Page 628 and 629:
suggesting orderly construction rat
Page 630 and 631:
Mizukami). Sense modified (dependin
Page 632 and 633:
2098 L1 倫 RIN principles, ethi
Page 634 and 635:
2104 励 RUI, hagemu/masu later var
Page 636 and 637:
2109 隷 REI the seal script, came
Page 638 and 639:
2114 L1 烈 RETSU fierce, intens
Page 640 and 641:
2121 賂 RO, mainai Seal ; late gra
Page 642 and 643:
phonetic with associated sense ‘s
Page 644:
2135 L2 湾 WAN bay, gulf 12 stroke
Page 647 and 648:
Readings Index A A 1007 abareru 8
Page 649 and 650:
BŌ 814 BŌ 985 BŌ 986 BŌ 987
Page 651 and 652:
EI 449 EI 450 EI 644 EI 645 EI
Page 653 and 654:
GO 1311 GO 1312 GO 1313 GO 1314
Page 655 and 656:
HI 1878 HI 1879 HI 1880 HI 1881
Page 657 and 658:
isago 879 isago 1366 isamashii 6
Page 659 and 660:
KAI 1102 KAI 1103 KAI 1104 KAI
Page 661 and 662:
KEN 20 KEN 100 KEN 290 KEN 291
Page 663 and 664:
KŌ 1342 KŌ 1343 KŌ 1344 KŌ
Page 665 and 666:
KYŪ 1203 KYŪ 1204 KYŪ 1205 KY
Page 667 and 668:
mukuiru 810 mukuro 1113 muna- 85
Page 669 and 670:
odokasu 1225 oeru 322 odoroku 12
Page 671 and 672:
RYŪ 824 RYŪ 2080 RYŪ 2081 RY
Page 673 and 674:
SEN 1608 SEN 1609 SEN 1610 SEN
Page 675 and 676:
SHŌ 912 SHŌ 913 SHŌ 933 SHŌ
Page 677 and 678:
SUI 1685 suji 854 suki 503 suki
Page 679 and 680:
TO 1767 TO 1768 TO 1769 TO 1770
Page 681 and 682:
UN 251 unagasu 1651 unaji 1339 u
Page 683 and 684:
yudaneru 245 yue 694 YUI 827 YUI
Page 685 and 686:
1806 1821 1893 1967 2030 5 stro
Page 687 and 688:
1095 1142 1167 1172 1173 1199
Page 689 and 690:
361 366 370 377 391 392 398
Page 691 and 692:
1581 1588 1589 1599 1600 1619
Page 693 and 694:
385 397 400 424 428 429 431
Page 695 and 696:
1613 1624 1640 1654 1670 1672
Page 697 and 698:
1104 1105 1113 1121 1161 1162
Page 700 and 701:
APPENDIX & BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 702 and 703:
In this book the general trend in i
Page 704 and 705:
KZ2001 Zhang Yushu et al., Kangxi z
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