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788 破 HA, yaburu/reru Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 47 ‘stone, break, tear L3 rock’, and 396 (‘skin, leather’) as phonetic 10 strokes with associated sense ‘small, detailed’, to give ‘rock is broken into small pieces’; the sense was HASANbankruptcy later generalized to ‘break’, and extended to HASONdamage ‘tear’. YK1976:408; KJ1970:794; OT1968:710. yabureme(a) tear Mnemonic: TEAR THE SKIN OFF A ROCK!? MUST MEAN BREAK IT 789 L3 犯 5 HAN, okasu crime, violate, commit, assault strokes HANNINcriminal HAN’Icriminal intent HANZAIcrime Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has ) 19 ‘dog’, and (variant of 41, person kneeling or crouching) as phonetic with associated sense either ‘harm, injure’, to give ‘dog harms person’ (Katō, Yamada), or ‘protrude, jut out’, giving ‘dog (breaks out and) attacks person’ (Ogawa). YK1976:416; KJ1970:789; OT1968:639-40. Mnemonic: DOG COMMITS CRIME OF ASSAULTING SLUMPED PERSON 790 L3 判 HAN, BAN judge, decide, seal 7 strokes HANDANjudgment HANJIjudge HANkopersonal seal Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 198 ‘knife/cut’, and 214 (‘half’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘divide in two’, to give ‘divide in two physically with knife/cleaver’. 791 L3 版 HAN print, board 8 strokes SHUPPANpublishing HANGAwoodcut print HANKENcopyright Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 980 ‘strip’ (orig thin pieces of wood), and 393 (‘oppose’, ‘measure’), as phonetic with associated sense ‘flat, thin’, thus ‘flat/thin board’. In early times Later, extended to‘divide’ in general, and further senses such as ‘dissect’ and ‘decide, judge’. The meaning‘seal’ (Japanese only) seems to relate to early practice of dividing important documents with seals (similar to signatures in the West) such as contracts in two, one half for each party. YK1976:417; KJ1970:785; OT1968:113. Mnemonic: CUT IN HALF – A JUDGMENT WITH SOLOMON’S SEAL this graph denoted wooden strips/tablets as writing material, paper being very expensive. Technological development in China in first millennium AD saw used to refer to wooden blocks engraved with text and/or illustrations in woodblock printing, and widely in printing terms. See also 395 ‘board’. YK1976:418; KJ1970:787; OT1968:633. Mnemonic: OPPOSED THIN BOARDS CAN BE USED TO PRINT The 185 Fifth Grade Characters 249

792 L3 比 HI, kuraberu compare, ratio 4 strokes HIREIproportion HIKAKUcomparison kurabemonopeerless no nai OBI ; seal . Two people in line. Original meaning ‘lined up’ was extended based on comparing two similar entities. Originally, early Chinese words for ‘lined up’ and ‘follow’ were both represented in written form by one person next to another, and as Mizukami points out, OBI for these two words were written sometimes facing right, sometimes left; later the convention became established to write facing right for this graph , and ‘follow’ (block script [the original way of writing – see 902]) facing left. YK1976:420; MS1995:v1:720-22,42-3; KJ1970:796. Mnemonic: COMPARE TWO PERSONS SITTING NEXT TO EACH OTHER 793 肥 HI, koeru/yasu fatten, enrich L1 8 strokes HIRYŌfertilizer HIMANcorpulence koetsuchirich soil Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has / 209 ‘flesh, meat’, and a right-hand element which in the seal form corresponds to ‘kneeling person’ (determinative 26) though Katō and Yamada take here as ‘hunchback’. In this graph 162 serves as phonetic with associated sense ‘one thing added on top of another’, to give ‘fleshy’; by extension, ‘become fat/enriched’. It is in Tōdō’s word-family ‘fat, thick’. YK1976:422; KJ1970:798; TA1965:730-32. We suggest taking the right-hand element as ‘bending body’ 162. Mnemonic: FLESHY BENDING BODY HAS BEEN FATTENED 794 非 HI not, un-, fault L3 8 strokes HININ‘non-person’ (hist.) HIGŌRITEKIirrational HIKŌmisdemeanor 795 備 BI, sonaeru/waru equip, prepare L3 12 strokes SETSUBIfacilities JUNBIpreparation sonaetsukefixtures/fittings Bronze ; seal . Has 41 ‘person’, and CO (‘quiver [with arrows]’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘put to one side temporarily’, to give Bronze ; seal . Depicts outstretched wings of a bird in flight, but as Katō suggests, probably just the wings themselves (an approximate parallel to this would be 108 ‘cow’, where just the head is depicted to represent the whole animal). Outstretched wings were then used to convey the meaning ‘mutually opposed’, and by extension negative senses such as ‘not’, ‘fault’. YK1976:422-3; MS1995:v2:1430-31; KJ1970:797. Mnemonic: WINGS UNFOLD – SURELY NOT A FAULT!? ‘person who tries to keep something intact (for future use)’. Subsequently generalized to ‘keep intact’. The basic meaning relates to ‘preparation’. YK1976:425; MS1995:v1:78-9; KJ1970:805. We suggest taking the graph as 41 ‘person’, 53 ‘grass’, 235 ‘use’, and as a variant roof of big building (see 127). Mnemonic: PERSON EQUIPS BUILDING WITH ROOF USING PREPARED GRASS 250 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters

788<br />

破<br />

HA, yaburu/reru<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 47 ‘stone,<br />

break, tear<br />

L3<br />

rock’, and 396 (‘skin, leather’) as phonetic<br />

10 strokes<br />

with associated sense ‘small, detailed’, to give<br />

‘rock is broken into small pieces’; the sense was<br />

HASANbankruptcy<br />

later generalized to ‘break’, and extended to<br />

HASONdamage<br />

‘tear’. YK1976:408; KJ1970:794; OT1968:710.<br />

yabureme(a) tear<br />

Mnemonic: TEAR THE SKIN OFF A ROCK!?<br />

MUST MEAN BREAK IT<br />

789<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

犯<br />

5<br />

HAN, okasu<br />

crime, violate,<br />

commit, assault<br />

strokes<br />

HANNINcriminal<br />

HAN’Icriminal intent<br />

HANZAIcrime<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has ) 19<br />

‘dog’, and (variant of 41, person kneeling<br />

or crouching) as phonetic with associated sense<br />

either ‘harm, injure’, to give ‘dog harms person’<br />

(Katō, Yamada), or ‘protrude, jut out’, giving<br />

‘dog (breaks out and) attacks person’ (Ogawa).<br />

YK1976:416; KJ1970:789; OT1968:639-40.<br />

Mnemonic: DOG COMMITS CRIME OF<br />

ASSAULTING SLUMPED PERSON<br />

790<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

判<br />

HAN, BAN<br />

judge, decide, seal<br />

7 strokes<br />

HANDANjudgment<br />

HANJIjudge<br />

HANkopersonal seal<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 198<br />

‘knife/cut’, and 214 (‘half’) as semantic<br />

and phonetic, meaning ‘divide in two’, to give<br />

‘divide in two physically with knife/cleaver’.<br />

791<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

版<br />

HAN<br />

print, board<br />

8 strokes<br />

SHUPPANpublishing<br />

HANGAwoodcut print<br />

HANKENcopyright<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 980 ‘strip’<br />

(orig thin pieces of wood), and 393 (‘oppose’,<br />

‘measure’), as phonetic with associated sense<br />

‘flat, thin’, thus ‘flat/thin board’. In early times<br />

Later, extended to‘divide’ in general, and further<br />

senses such as ‘dissect’ and ‘decide, judge’.<br />

The meaning‘seal’ (Japanese only) seems to<br />

relate to early practice of dividing important<br />

documents with seals (similar to signatures<br />

in the West) such as contracts in two, one<br />

half for each party. YK1976:417; KJ1970:785;<br />

OT1968:113.<br />

Mnemonic: CUT IN HALF – A JUDGMENT<br />

WITH SOLOMON’S SEAL<br />

this graph denoted wooden strips/tablets as<br />

writing material, paper being very expensive.<br />

Technological development in China in first<br />

millennium AD saw used to refer to wooden<br />

blocks engraved with text and/or illustrations<br />

in woodblock printing, and widely in printing<br />

terms. See also 395 ‘board’. YK1976:418;<br />

KJ1970:787; OT1968:633.<br />

Mnemonic: OPPOSED THIN BOARDS CAN BE<br />

USED TO PRINT<br />

The 185 Fifth Grade Characters 249

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