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741 L3 情 11 JŌ, SEI, nasake feeling, pity, circumstances strokes DŌJŌsympathy JŌSEIsituation nasakenaiwretched Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 164 ‘heart, mind’, and 45 (‘blue, green’) as phonetic with associated sense taken as ‘earnestly seek’, to give ‘earnestly seek from the heart’(Katō, Yamada), or with associated sense ‘pure’, giving ‘untarnished beautiful heart’(Ogawa). Either interpretation then gives the generalized sense ‘heart’. Schuessler notes the related sense ‘feelings’, and also early use meaning ‘proper nature, circumstances’. KJ1970:593; YK1976:280-81; OT1968:375; AS2007:433. Mnemonic: HEART MADE BLUE THROUGH FEELING PITY 742 L1 織 SHOKU, SHIKI, oru weave 18 strokes SHOKKIloom SOSHIKITEKIsystematic orimonotextiles Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 29 ‘thread’, and 戠 (CO, original meaning ‘cut branch/ stake thrust into ground’: see 725) as phonetic with associated sense ‘straight’, to give ‘set thread on loom straight’ (Ogawa sees it as vertical thread); by extension, ‘weave’. KJ1970:558; YK1976:283; OT1968:791. Suggest halberd 戈 as giant needle, as ‘sound’ 6. Mnemonic: THE SOUND OF A HALBERD WEAVING THREADS!? 743 L3 職 SHOKU employment, job 18 strokes SHOKUNINartisan SHOKUGYŌprofession MUSHOKUjobless Bronze ; seal . Has 31 ‘ear’; here considered to signify not ‘ear’, but by analogy ‘something attached next to’), and 戠 (CO, ‘cut branch/stake thrust into the ground’: see 725) as semantic and phonetic, giving ‘flag/banner attached to stake thrust into the ground’. Merchants would each set up their own banner to indicate their particular line of trade (Katō takes to include officials also), and on this basis there evolved the extended sense ‘job, occupation’ for this graph. MS1995:v2:1060-62; KJ1970:309- 10; YK1976:284. Suggest halberd 戈 as lance, as ‘sound/noise’ 6. Mnemonic: JOB AS LANCER LEAVES NOISE IN EARS 744 L3 制 SEI system, control 8 strokes SEIDOsystem SEISHIrestraint KYŌSEIcompulsion Bronze ; seal . Has in block script, which old forms show to be a variant of 617 (‘not yet’) used in its original sense of ‘tree with luxuriant growth’ (Mizukami and Katō take as ‘old tree’ ready for cutting down and using), and 198 ‘knife, blade’, to give ‘cut down tree with a blade’. A carpenter would cut down a big tree systematically, from ‘cut down’ in that context the extended sense ‘judge, decide’ evolved. MS1995:v1:126-7; KJ1970:597-8; YK1976:300. Suggest as combination of 108 ‘cow’ and 1232 ‘cloth’. Mnemonic: CUTTING CLOTH FOR COW REQUIRES SYSTEMATIC CONTROL The 185 Fifth Grade Characters 237

745 L3 性 SEI, SHŌ nature, sex 8 strokes DANSEImale SEITEKIsexual SHŌBUNdisposition Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 164 ‘heart, mind’, and 44 (originally, ‘plant growing’, now ‘birth’), taken as phonetic with associated sense i] ‘innate’ (Mizukami, Ogawa), to give 746 政 SEI, SHŌ government L3 9 strokes SEIJIKApolitician GYŌSEIadministration SEIFUgovernment Bronze ; seal . Has () 112 ‘hit; force’, and 43 ‘correct’. One view takes as semantic and phonetic, to give ‘make correct’ (Tōdō, Ogawa), but another view treats as phonetic with associated sense ‘vanquish’, to give 747 勢 SEI, ikioi power, force L3 13 strokes SEIRYOKUpower ōZEImultitude ikioiyokuvigorously Seal . Has 78 ‘strength, effort’, and (originally ‘plant tree, shrub’: see 495) as semantic and phonetic (same meaning), to give ‘put effort into planting’; as planting involved great 748 L3 精 14 SEI, SHŌ spirit, vitality, refine, detail strokes SEISHINTEKImental SEIRYOKUvitality BUSHŌindolence ‘innate feelings, one’s nature, temperament’, or with associated sense ii] ‘give birth’ (Katō, Yamada). In the case of i], ‘sex’ may be seen as extended sense from ‘innate’, and ‘gender’ as an extension from ‘sex’, while with ii] the element serves both a semantic and phonetic role. MS1995:v1:502-3; OT1968:365; KJ1970:597; YK1976:300. Mnemonic: ONE’S NATURE IS THE HEART ONE IS BORN WITH ‘vanquish with weapons’ (Yamada, Katō). Both views give ‘control’ then ‘govern’ as extended sense, and both are based on a passage in Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu), but Katō argues that the interpretation of as ‘make correct’ is one which, while it suited the ruling class of the period, is etymologically flawed. TA1965:460- 65; OT1968:438; KJ1970:600; YK1976:301-2; MS1995:v1:568-9. Mnemonic: GOVERNMENT FORCES CORRECTNESS effort, the meaning was extended to ‘vigor’. Subsequently, so as to distinguish the two meanings, the determinative 53 ‘plants’ was added to for ‘plant with effort’, while was added for ‘vigor’, ‘force’, giving , after which fell into disuse. See also 495 (traditional form of ‘art, skill’). KJ1970:354; YK1976:303; QX2000:329-30; AS2007:570-71. Take 坴 as 627 ‘mounds of earth’, and as ‘round’ 101. Mnemonic: STRONG POWER FORCES UP ROUND MOUNDS OF EARTH Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 220 ‘rice’, and 45 ‘green, blue, fresh’ as phonetic with associated sense ‘clean’, to give ‘rice polished clean’ (Ogawa), or ‘select and clean rice’ (Katō, Yamada). The process of cleaning rice involved refining, hence ‘refine’. ‘Essence, spirit’ may be seen as an extended sense – that which remains after refining – and by further extension to ‘vitality’. OT1968:763; KJ1970:596; YK1976:305. Mnemonic: REFINED GREEN RICE FILLS ONE WITH VITALITY AND SPIRIT 238 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters

745<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

性<br />

SEI, SHŌ<br />

nature, sex<br />

8 strokes<br />

DANSEImale<br />

SEITEKIsexual<br />

SHŌBUNdisposition<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 164<br />

‘heart, mind’, and 44 (originally, ‘plant growing’,<br />

now ‘birth’), taken as phonetic with associated<br />

sense i] ‘innate’ (Mizukami, Ogawa), to give<br />

746<br />

政<br />

SEI, SHŌ<br />

government<br />

L3<br />

9 strokes<br />

SEIJIKApolitician<br />

GYŌSEIadministration<br />

SEIFUgovernment<br />

Bronze ; seal . Has () 112 ‘hit; force’,<br />

and 43 ‘correct’. One view takes as semantic<br />

and phonetic, to give ‘make correct’ (Tōdō,<br />

Ogawa), but another view treats as phonetic<br />

with associated sense ‘vanquish’, to give<br />

747<br />

勢<br />

SEI, ikioi<br />

power, force<br />

L3<br />

13 strokes<br />

SEIRYOKUpower<br />

ōZEImultitude<br />

ikioiyokuvigorously<br />

Seal . Has 78 ‘strength, effort’, and <br />

(originally ‘plant tree, shrub’: see 495) as semantic<br />

and phonetic (same meaning), to give ‘put<br />

effort into planting’; as planting involved great<br />

748<br />

L3<br />

精<br />

14<br />

SEI, SHŌ<br />

spirit, vitality,<br />

refine, detail<br />

strokes<br />

SEISHINTEKImental<br />

SEIRYOKUvitality<br />

BUSHŌindolence<br />

‘innate feelings, one’s nature, temperament’,<br />

or with associated sense ii] ‘give birth’ (Katō,<br />

Yamada). In the case of i], ‘sex’ may be seen as<br />

extended sense from ‘innate’, and ‘gender’ as an<br />

extension from ‘sex’, while with ii] the element<br />

serves both a semantic and phonetic role.<br />

MS1995:v1:502-3; OT1968:365; KJ1970:597;<br />

YK1976:300.<br />

Mnemonic: ONE’S NATURE IS THE HEART<br />

ONE IS BORN WITH<br />

‘vanquish with weapons’ (Yamada, Katō). Both<br />

views give ‘control’ then ‘govern’ as extended<br />

sense, and both are based on a passage in<br />

Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu), but Katō argues<br />

that the interpretation of as ‘make correct’ is<br />

one which, while it suited the ruling class of the<br />

period, is etymologically flawed. TA1965:460-<br />

65; OT1968:438; KJ1970:600; YK1976:301-2;<br />

MS1995:v1:568-9.<br />

Mnemonic: GOVERNMENT FORCES<br />

CORRECTNESS<br />

effort, the meaning was extended to ‘vigor’.<br />

Subsequently, so as to distinguish the two<br />

meanings, the determinative 53 ‘plants’ was<br />

added to for ‘plant with effort’, while was<br />

added for ‘vigor’, ‘force’, giving , after which<br />

fell into disuse. See also 495 (traditional<br />

form of ‘art, skill’). KJ1970:354; YK1976:303;<br />

QX2000:329-30; AS2007:570-71. Take 坴 as 627<br />

‘mounds of earth’, and as ‘round’ 101.<br />

Mnemonic: STRONG POWER FORCES UP<br />

ROUND MOUNDS OF EARTH<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 220<br />

‘rice’, and 45 ‘green, blue, fresh’ as phonetic<br />

with associated sense ‘clean’, to give ‘rice<br />

polished clean’ (Ogawa), or ‘select and clean<br />

rice’ (Katō, Yamada). The process of cleaning<br />

rice involved refining, hence ‘refine’. ‘Essence,<br />

spirit’ may be seen as an extended sense – that<br />

which remains after refining – and by further<br />

extension to ‘vitality’. OT1968:763; KJ1970:596;<br />

YK1976:305.<br />

Mnemonic: REFINED GREEN RICE FILLS ONE<br />

WITH VITALITY AND SPIRIT<br />

238 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters

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