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733 L3 準 JUN level, conform, quasi- 13 strokes JUNBIpreparation SUIJUNstandard, level JUNKESSHŌsemifinal Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 42 ‘water’, and (CO, ‘hawk’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘pull a rope straight’, giving ‘level 734 L1 序 JO, tsuide beginning, order 7 strokes JOBUNpreface JORETSUorder, sequence JOSŪordinal number Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 127 ‘building, roof’, and 425 (originally ‘weav- 735 招 SHŌ, maneku invite, summon L3 8 strokes SHŌTAIinvitation SHŌSHŪconvocation temanekubeckon Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 34 ‘hand’, and 1486 (originally bending to face upwards and calling out, now means ‘summon’) 736 L3 承 8 SHŌ, uketamawaru receive, hear, know, be informed strokes SHŌCHIconsent SHŌNINrecognition KEISHŌSHAsuccessor Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). It comprises 34 ‘hand’, and (NJK, helping someone up, ‘lift up, help’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘raise up’, to give ‘lift up with the hands’, or ‘receive with hands held up’. Use of this graph seems to have related to ‘raise up’ and also ‘receive’ in a physical sense in early Chinese, and it came to be used in Japanese from quite an early stage with the latter meaning to surface of water’; later, meaning was generalised to ‘level’. Extended meanings ‘conform’ and ‘quasi-’ are based on keeping to or being close to a level or standard. (with 401 ‘ice’ not ‘water’) is a variant form but now with separate status (see 1475). KJ1970:529; TA1965:682; YK1976:263. Suggest taking as 35 ‘ten’ and 324 ‘bird’. Mnemonic: TEN BIRDS ON WATER, ALL AT SAME LEVEL ing shuttle’, modern meaning ‘prior, already’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘external wall’, to give ‘(external) house walls’. ‘Beginning’ may perhaps be a derived sense (what is there first, before roof and internal walls added); ‘order’, though, is regarded as a loan usage. KJ1970:552; YK1976:267; OT1968:327. Mnemonic: BUILDING ALREADY BEGINNING TO SHOW ORDER as phonetic with associated sense taken as ‘call (out to someone)’ (Katō, Yamada, Ogawa). Alternatively, taken as ‘bend’, a meaning listed by Tōdō, based on 198 ‘knife’ as phonetic in , where it signifies ‘bend, bent’, based on curved shape of knife, to signify calling someone over with hand movement, i.e. ‘beckon’. KJ1970:608; YK1976:269; OT1968:407; TA1965:245-6. Mnemonic: INVITE BY SUMMONING WITH HAND represent a verb which, to give it its modern form, is uketamawaru ‘receive (from a superior)’, often to denote a verbal reference such as orders, and also historically as a polite verbal suffix. This background of use for probably goes some way towards accounting for its additional senses in modern Japanese such as ‘hear’ and ‘know’. KJ1970:547-8; OT1968:403,19; YK1976:269; AS2007:185. Suggest taking the graph as a whole, involving 27 ‘child’ and 42 ‘water’, with the extra cross-strokes taken as bristles. Mnemonic: BE INFORMED ABOUT A BRISTLY WATER-BABY Or: KNOW THAT WHEN BABY IS IN WATER, IT CAN GET BRISTLY The 185 Fifth Grade Characters 235

737 L1 証 SHŌ proof 12 strokes SHŌNINwitness RONSHŌdemonstration SHŌMEIproof Seal forms (), (). These are late graphs (Shuowen), the traditional form being . The traditional form consists of 118 ‘words; speak’, with 382 (‘climb’) as phonetic with an associated sense of ‘clarify’, to give ‘clarify with words, report facts clearly, prove’. The (originally) separate graph once represented a near-homophone meaning ‘remonstrate’, but over time the simpler graph came to be used in place of , a choice made official in Japan in 1946. OT1968:924-5; AS2007:612; QX2000:313. We suggest taking the modern form as 118 ‘words’ with 43 ‘correct’. Mnemonic: CORRECT WORDS ARE PROOF Or: PROOF THAT ONE’S WORDS ARE CORRECT 738 L3 条 JŌ clause, item, line 7 strokes MUJŌKENunconditional JŌYAKUtreaty, level JŌREIrules, regulations Bronze ; seal ; traditional Has 73 ‘tree, wood’, and (see 730, originally, ‘remove dirt’ [Mizukami]) as phonetic with associated sense taken as ‘small’ (Katō, Yamada) or ‘long and slender, extended out’ (Mizukami, Ogawa). Either interpretation gives ‘branch grown out 739 状 JŌ condition, letter L3 7 strokes JŌTAIsituation GENJŌstatus quo SHŌTAIJŌwritten invite Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional . Has 19 ‘dog’, and (taken originally as a stand or bed, or boards used in building (from trunk)’, and the extended sense ‘branch off, diverge’. Schuessler notes that in Han times this graph came to be used in an extended sense as a counter for long slender objects, and this included many documents which were written on slender wooden or bamboo strips; by further extension became a counter for ‘matters, items of business’. MS1995:v1:668-70; KJ1970:716; KJ1975:278; AS2007:579. Suggest taking the upper part as ‘crossed legs’. Mnemonic: ITEM ABOUT SITTING CROSS-LEGGED UP A TREE earthen walls) as phonetic with associated sense ‘shape, appearance’, giving ‘appearance of a dog’; then generalized to ‘appearance, form, condition’; then extended to ‘written report on condition’ thus, ‘document, letter’. KJ1970:434; MS1995:v2:824-5; YK1976:278-9; OT1968:640. Suggest taking 丬 as table toppled on edge. Mnemonic: DOG KNOCKS TABLE OVER – BOTH NOW IN BAD CONDITION 740 常 JŌ, tsune usual, always L3 11 strokes HIJŌemergency JŌREIcommon practice NICHIJŌcommonplace 236 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 1232 ‘cloth’, and 1491 (originally smoke rising from aperture in roof, now ‘furthermore’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘long, trailing’ > ‘long piece of cloth’. The sense was generalised to ‘long’, then used with reference to time, meaning ‘long (in duration)’, ‘unchanging’. KJ1970:545; YK1976:280; OT1968:318. Mnemonic: FURTHERMORE, AS ALWAYS, IT’S THE USUAL CLOTH

737<br />

L1<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

証<br />

SHŌ<br />

proof<br />

12 strokes<br />

SHŌNINwitness<br />

RONSHŌdemonstration<br />

SHŌMEIproof<br />

Seal forms (), (). These are late graphs<br />

(Shuowen), the traditional form being . The<br />

traditional form consists of 118 ‘words;<br />

speak’, with 382 (‘climb’) as phonetic with an<br />

associated sense of ‘clarify’, to give ‘clarify with<br />

words, report facts clearly, prove’. The (originally)<br />

separate graph once represented a<br />

near-homophone meaning ‘remonstrate’, but<br />

over time the simpler graph came to be used<br />

in place of , a choice made official in Japan in<br />

1946. OT1968:924-5; AS2007:612; QX2000:313.<br />

We suggest taking the modern form as 118<br />

‘words’ with 43 ‘correct’.<br />

Mnemonic: CORRECT WORDS ARE PROOF<br />

Or: PROOF THAT ONE’S WORDS<br />

ARE CORRECT<br />

738<br />

L3<br />

条<br />

JŌ<br />

clause, item, line<br />

7 strokes<br />

MUJŌKENunconditional<br />

JŌYAKUtreaty, level<br />

JŌREIrules, regulations<br />

Bronze ; seal ; traditional Has 73<br />

‘tree, wood’, and (see 730, originally, ‘remove<br />

dirt’ [Mizukami]) as phonetic with associated<br />

sense taken as ‘small’ (Katō, Yamada) or ‘long<br />

and slender, extended out’ (Mizukami, Ogawa).<br />

Either interpretation gives ‘branch grown out<br />

739<br />

状<br />

JŌ<br />

condition, letter<br />

L3<br />

7 strokes<br />

JŌTAIsituation<br />

GENJŌstatus quo<br />

SHŌTAIJŌwritten invite<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional<br />

. Has 19 ‘dog’, and (taken originally<br />

as a stand or bed, or boards used in building<br />

(from trunk)’, and the extended sense ‘branch<br />

off, diverge’. Schuessler notes that in Han times<br />

this graph came to be used in an extended<br />

sense as a counter for long slender objects, and<br />

this included many documents which were<br />

written on slender wooden or bamboo strips;<br />

by further extension became a counter for<br />

‘matters, items of business’. MS1995:v1:668-70;<br />

KJ1970:716; KJ1975:278; AS2007:579. Suggest<br />

taking the upper part as ‘crossed legs’.<br />

Mnemonic: ITEM ABOUT SITTING<br />

CROSS-LEGGED UP A TREE<br />

earthen walls) as phonetic with associated<br />

sense ‘shape, appearance’, giving ‘appearance of<br />

a dog’; then generalized to ‘appearance, form,<br />

condition’; then extended to ‘written report on<br />

condition’ thus, ‘document, letter’. KJ1970:434;<br />

MS1995:v2:824-5; YK1976:278-9; OT1968:640.<br />

Suggest taking 丬 as table toppled on edge.<br />

Mnemonic: DOG KNOCKS TABLE<br />

OVER – BOTH NOW IN BAD CONDITION<br />

740<br />

常<br />

JŌ, tsune<br />

usual, always<br />

L3<br />

11 strokes<br />

HIJŌemergency<br />

JŌREIcommon practice<br />

NICHIJŌcommonplace<br />

236 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 1232<br />

‘cloth’, and 1491 (originally smoke rising<br />

from aperture in roof, now ‘furthermore’) as<br />

phonetic with associated sense ‘long, trailing’<br />

> ‘long piece of cloth’. The sense was generalised<br />

to ‘long’, then used with reference to<br />

time, meaning ‘long (in duration)’, ‘unchanging’.<br />

KJ1970:545; YK1976:280; OT1968:318.<br />

Mnemonic: FURTHERMORE, AS ALWAYS, IT’S<br />

THE USUAL CLOTH

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