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726 L4 質 SHITSU, SHICHI, CHI quality, pawn 15 strokes HINSHITSUquality SHICHIyapawnshop hitoJICHIhostage Bronze ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell currency, shell’, and 斦 ‘two curved-handle axes’ (see 1233) taken typically as phonetic with an associated sense ‘correspond, equivalent’, to give ‘[item] equivalent to money’, i.e. article for 727 L1 舎 SHA house, quarters 8 strokes SHUKUSHAlodgings SHAEIbilleting inaka*countryside Bronze ; seal ; traditional Interpretations differ. One view takes the lower part as consisting of 22 ‘mouth’, a graph also used for actions performed with the mouth, and here taken as ‘breathe’. The second element is 820 (here in an abbreviated shape; now means ‘ample’ but originally meant a roof supported on a pillar, indicating a light building structure such as a summerhouse) as phonetic with an associated sense ‘be at leisure, relax’; by extension, came to be used in the sense ‘stay for the night’, and then ‘place where people stay’ 728 L1 謝 SHA, ayamaru apologize, thank 17 strokes SHAZAIapology SHAREIremuneration KANSHAgratitude OBI ; seal . Seal form has 118 ‘words; speak’, and 893 (‘shoot arrow’) as phonetic with associated sense typically taken as ‘depart’ (possibly with a semantic link also, with regard to an arrow leaving a bow), to give ‘words of farewell’. The meaning is considered to be extended to ‘words of thanks’ in the context of leaving after receiving a gift. Gu also makes this link, though he also proposes the above OBI equivalent, interpreting it as two hands pawning. Mizukami, however, lists a credible alternative analysis which takes 斦 semantically as representing two equal things, signifying one asset (an object of value) equal to another (its equivalent in money). Assessment of the quality of items accepted for pawning was – and still remains – an important consideration in pawnbroking, and so ‘quality’ can justifiably be regarded as an extended sense. MS1995:v2:1244-6; KJ1970:487; YK1976:235-6. Mnemonic: PAWN TWO QUALITY AXES – NEED TO ‘SHELL OUT’ TO REDEEM (Katō, Yamada). The same overall meaning is reached by another analysis (Tōdō, Ogawa), which differs in taking the lower element not as ‘mouth (etc.)’, but as ‘enclosure’ (see e.g. 84); this view then takes the latter element as indicating ‘place’, to give ‘place to relax’. This latter interpretation follows that in Shuowen, which often based script analysis on the seal forms, and the seal form here would seem to permit analysis as ‘enclosure, place’. However, the older forms (bronze) clearly have ‘mouth’, and so the former analysis seems more appropriate. KJ1970:882; YK1976:238; TA1965:339; OT1968:175; AS2007:456. We suggest taking the elements of the modern form as cover

729 授 JU, sazukeru the ‘hand’ determinative () 34 was added teach, confer to the near-homophone meaning ‘give’ so as L3 11 strokes to aid clarity. With regard to the case of , the phonetic element is more appropriately JUGYŌtuition taken as ‘hand over’ (Katō) rather than JUYOconfer ‘receive’ (Yamada). The meaning ‘teaching’ KYŌJUtuition, professor is an extended sense, with regard to conferring knowledge. KJ1970:507-8; AS2007:470; QX2000:189; YK1976:247. As a mnemonic, we suggest making use of three hands. Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). In early Chinese a word meaning ‘give’ was written with the graph 319 ‘receive’ (see OBI form for 319); in that early period the two words concerned, ‘give’ and ‘receive’, which were near-homophones, were distinguished in written texts on the basis of context. At the seal script stage, however, Mnemonic: ‘THIRD-HAND’ BATON IS USED FOR TEACHING Or: TEACHER’S EXTRA HAND CONFERS BATON 730 L3 修 SHŪ, SHU, osameru practice, master 10 strokes SHŪRIrepair SHŪSEIamendment SHŪGYŌstudy Bronze ; seal . Has 115 (determinative no. 59, taken variously as ‘color, luster’, ‘brush pattern’, or ‘writing brush hairs’), and (CO, originally ‘remove dirt’ [Mizukami]) as phonetic 731 L3 述 JUTSU, noberu relate, state 8 strokes ZENJUTSU nothe said JUTSUGOpredicate JOJUTSUdescription Bronze ; seal . Has 85 ‘walk, go’, and (CO, originally hand with sticky grains) taken 732 L3 術 JUTSU, sube technique, means 11 strokes GIJUTSUtechnique GEIJUTSUart, the arts SHUJUTSUsurgery Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 131 ‘go’ and (originally hand with sticky grains: see also 731) as phonetic with associated sense ‘follow’ (Ogawa, Tōdō) or ‘bend, winding’ (Katō, Yamada), to give basic meaning ‘path’, or ‘wind- with associated sense ‘sweep away’, to give ‘brush off dirt and make attractive’. The basic meaning of putting something in good order led to extended senses such as ‘complete, master, repair’. MS1995:v1:72-3,568-9; KJ1970:512; YK1976:251-2; OT1968:344. Take elements as 41 ‘person’, ‘stick’, 112 ‘beat’, and three strokes . Mnemonic: PERSON PRACTICES BEATING WITH THREE STROKES OF STICK as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘adhere to path’. Katō and Ogawa see link to ‘relate, mention’ through relating/following what others have said/written. MS1995:v2:1284-6; YK1976:260; KJ1970:526-7; OT1968:995. Suggest taking as ‘odd tree’ 73. Mnemonic: RELATE HOW ONE WENT TO AN ODD TREE ing’ (Katō, Yamada). Senses such as ‘means, method’ are seen as extended usage from following a path. This graph and 731 ‘relate’ are treated by Schuessler as representing the same basic word in early Chinese, and Tōdō also includes in the same word-family (‘follow a route’). OT1968:898; TA1965:682-6; KJ1970:527; YK1976:261; AS2007:473. As with 731, we suggest taking as ‘odd tree’. Mnemonic: GO AROUND ODD TREE BY MEANS OF SPECIAL TECHNIQUE 234 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters

729<br />

授<br />

JU, sazukeru<br />

the ‘hand’ determinative () 34 was added<br />

teach, confer<br />

to the near-homophone meaning ‘give’ so as<br />

L3<br />

11 strokes<br />

to aid clarity. With regard to the case of ,<br />

the phonetic element is more appropriately<br />

JUGYŌtuition<br />

taken as ‘hand over’ (Katō) rather than<br />

JUYOconfer<br />

‘receive’ (Yamada). The meaning ‘teaching’<br />

KYŌJUtuition, professor<br />

is an extended sense, with regard to conferring<br />

knowledge. KJ1970:507-8; AS2007:470;<br />

QX2000:189; YK1976:247. As a mnemonic, we<br />

suggest making use of three hands.<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). In early Chinese a<br />

word meaning ‘give’ was written with the graph<br />

319 ‘receive’ (see OBI form for 319); in that<br />

early period the two words concerned, ‘give’<br />

and ‘receive’, which were near-homophones,<br />

were distinguished in written texts on the basis<br />

of context. At the seal script stage, however,<br />

Mnemonic: ‘THIRD-HAND’ BATON IS USED<br />

FOR TEACHING<br />

Or: TEACHER’S EXTRA HAND CONFERS BATON<br />

730<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

修<br />

SHŪ, SHU, osameru<br />

practice, master<br />

10 strokes<br />

SHŪRIrepair<br />

SHŪSEIamendment<br />

SHŪGYŌstudy<br />

Bronze ; seal . Has 115 (determinative<br />

no. 59, taken variously as ‘color, luster’, ‘brush<br />

pattern’, or ‘writing brush hairs’), and (CO,<br />

originally ‘remove dirt’ [Mizukami]) as phonetic<br />

731<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

述<br />

JUTSU, noberu<br />

relate, state<br />

8 strokes<br />

ZENJUTSU nothe said<br />

JUTSUGOpredicate<br />

JOJUTSUdescription<br />

Bronze ; seal . Has 85 ‘walk, go’, and <br />

(CO, originally hand with sticky grains) taken<br />

732<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

術<br />

JUTSU, sube<br />

technique, means<br />

11 strokes<br />

GIJUTSUtechnique<br />

GEIJUTSUart, the arts<br />

SHUJUTSUsurgery<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 131 ‘go’<br />

and (originally hand with sticky grains: see<br />

also 731) as phonetic with associated sense<br />

‘follow’ (Ogawa, Tōdō) or ‘bend, winding’ (Katō,<br />

Yamada), to give basic meaning ‘path’, or ‘wind-<br />

with associated sense ‘sweep away’, to give<br />

‘brush off dirt and make attractive’. The basic<br />

meaning of putting something in good order<br />

led to extended senses such as ‘complete, master,<br />

repair’. MS1995:v1:72-3,568-9; KJ1970:512;<br />

YK1976:251-2; OT1968:344. Take elements as<br />

41 ‘person’, ‘stick’, 112 ‘beat’, and three<br />

strokes .<br />

Mnemonic: PERSON PRACTICES BEATING<br />

WITH THREE STROKES OF STICK<br />

as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘adhere<br />

to path’. Katō and Ogawa see link to ‘relate,<br />

mention’ through relating/following what<br />

others have said/written. MS1995:v2:1284-6;<br />

YK1976:260; KJ1970:526-7; OT1968:995. Suggest<br />

taking as ‘odd tree’ 73.<br />

Mnemonic: RELATE HOW ONE WENT TO AN<br />

ODD TREE<br />

ing’ (Katō, Yamada). Senses such as ‘means,<br />

method’ are seen as extended usage from<br />

following a path. This graph and 731 ‘relate’<br />

are treated by Schuessler as representing the<br />

same basic word in early Chinese, and Tōdō<br />

also includes in the same word-family (‘follow a<br />

route’). OT1968:898; TA1965:682-6; KJ1970:527;<br />

YK1976:261; AS2007:473. As with 731, we suggest<br />

taking as ‘odd tree’.<br />

Mnemonic: GO AROUND ODD TREE BY<br />

MEANS OF SPECIAL TECHNIQUE<br />

234 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters

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