480531170

694
L3
故
KO, yue
past, reason
9 strokes
JIKOaccident
KOKOKUone’s native land
KO-ITŌSHIlate Mr Itō
Seal . Has () 112 ‘beat/hit/force’, and
121 (‘old’) as phonetic with associated
sense ‘change’, thus ‘cause to change’, and by
extension ‘cause’, and – as a result of process of
change – ‘deceased’ (the sense ‘old’ here may
also be seen as a sense derived in this way, or
as serving as both semantic and phonetic).
MS1995:v1:570-71; KJ1970:392; YK1976:167.
Mnemonic: BEATEN WITH OLD STICK IN THE
PAST, FOR SOME REASON
695
個
KO
counter. At some stage the separate graph
individual,
was then devised, and used interchangeably
L3
counter-suffix
with . Katō and Yamada see as having
10 strokes
been devised on the basis of the graph
(originally, ‘scales [of an animal’] > ‘armor; wear
KOJINindividual
armor’; see 1094), but this seems debatable.
KOSEIindividuality
The element 41 ‘person’ in explains its additional
IKKOone item
sense ‘individual’. It may be noted here
that another late graph, (less formal), was
also devised as a general counter (apparently
based on one half of the graph 58 ‘bamboo’),
and is interchangeable with . KJ1970:390-91;
YK1976:167; AS2007:248. We suggest using
501 in its sense of ‘firm’.
Late graph, no seal form. Analyses diverge.
Katō treats together with 1087 (originally,
‘bamboo stalk’). There is a seal form for ,
which is thus probably the older graph, and
this came to be used as a counter firstly just for
bamboo stalks themselves, then for an increasing
range of other items, and by the Tang Dynasty
(618-907AD) was being used as a general
Mnemonic: THAT PERSON IS A FIRM
INDIVIDUAL AND A GOOD COUNTER
696
護
GO
defend, protect
L1
20 strokes
BENGOSHIlawyer
HOGOprotection
GOEIguard, escort
Bronze ; seal . Has 118 ‘words’, speech’,
and (CO, originally ‘measure with hand’) as
phonetic, analyses of which vary. One interpretation
of the phonetic is ‘make go round’
or ‘evade’, to give ‘evade with words’ – a type
of defence (Katō, Yamada); Ogawa takes as
‘seize’, to give ‘seize on orders’; Tōdō includes
in a word-family ‘surround with a framework’,
giving ‘surround with a verbal framework’. While
diverse, these analyses mostly give ‘defend’ as
a meaning by extension. KJ1970:395-6,327-8;
YK1976:171; OT1968:944; TA1965:407-10. Suggest
right hand part as 2003 ‘hand’, 324
‘bird’, and 53 ‘grass’.
Mnemonic: WORDY DEFENCE FOR HAND
SEIZING PROTECTED BIRD IN GRASS
697
効
KŌ, kiku
OBI ; seal ; traditional Both and
effect, efficacy
are listed in the authoritative Kangxi zidian,
L3
8 strokes
with latter noted as a popular form. has
() 112 ‘strike; force’, and 128 (‘mix,
KŌKAeffect
exchange’) as phonetic with associated sense
YŪKŌ naeffective
‘child imitates’, to give ‘force to imitate’ (Katō,
kikimeeffect
Yamada); Mizukami lists another associated
224 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters