480531170
628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 strokes RYŌSHINconscience KAIRYŌimprovement yosaworth, quality OBI ; bronze ; seal . OBI forms depict some sort of receptacle for pouring material in to measure, then letting it out. The simplest bronze form differs a little in shape, but shows the same in essence as OBI, as does the seal 629 L4 料 10 RYŌ materials, measure, charge strokes GENRYŌraw materials RYŌKINcharge, fee RYŌRIcooking Bronze ; seal . Has 220 ‘rice’, and 1766 (originally ‘ladle [for measuring]’), to give ‘measure rice’, later generalised to just ‘measure’. ‘Charge’ may be regarded as an extended sense. 630 L3 量 RYŌ, hakaru measure, quantity 12 strokes JŪRYŌheavy weight BUNRYŌquantity RYŌTEKIquantitative OBI ; seal . Upper part of older forms is usually taken to depict top of receptacle for measuring, with 326 (originally ‘sack’, ‘heavy’) meaning ‘measure’ either as associated phonetic sense (Katō, Yamada) or as extended 631 輪 RIN, wa wheel, hoop L3 15 strokes SHARINvehicle wheel SANRINSHAtricycle wanagequoits Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 33 ‘vehicle’, and (CO, orig aligned bundle of wooden writing slips: see 884) taken as form. The shape then evolved further through clerical script into its block script form. Katō takes receptacle as vessel normally used for food; Ogawa sees it as sieve. Former view treats sense ‘good’ as a loan usage; latter view sees it as extended usage. KJ1970:537-9; MS1995:v2:1102-3; YK1976:497; OT1968:839; SK1984:613. Suggest taking as 163 ‘food/ eat’ minus the lid . Mnemonic: TAKES LID OFF FOOD – LOOKS GOOD! The element here is better taken as semantic (Ogawa, Shirakawa) rather than phonetic, as the historical pronunciations in early Chinese are not very supportive of a phonetic role. Etymologically similar to 87 ‘course, section’, but became associated with ‘class, degree’ at an early period. OT1968:448; SS1984:883; AS2007:628,357; MS1995:v1:592; KJ1970:731; YK1976:498; TA1965:254. Mnemonic: RICE IS MEASURED – FOR A CHARGE sense (Ogawa). Shirakawa, though, sees top part as opening at top of sack to pour grain in, and lower part in the original sense ‘sack’. Some variation in analysis, but overall sense is taken uniformly as ‘measure’ (originally rice, later general); by extension, ‘quantity’. KJ1970:537; YK1976:498; MS1995:v2:1356-7; OT1968:1033; SS1984:885. Take as 238 as ‘village’, 66 ‘day’ and 1 ‘one’. Mnemonic: VILLAGE GETS MEASURED QUAN- TITY FOR ONE DAY semantic, meaning ‘round’ (Katō, Yamada), or as phonetic meaning ‘lined up’ (Ogawa, Tōdō); in Tōdō’s word-family ‘same things lined up’. Both analyses refer to spokes of a cart/chariot wheel, extended to wheel itself. KJ1970:911-12; YK1976:500; OT1968:986; TA1965:686-9. We suggest as ‘capped’ ‘wheels’ . Mnemonic: VEHICLE HAS ALIGNED WHEELS, MOREOVER CAPPED The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 205
632 L3 類 RUI resemble, sort, variety 18 strokes SHURUIsort, kind BUNRUI classification RUIJIresemblance Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional . Usually taken as 19 ‘dog’, with (CO, originally, ‘foolish head’; by extension ‘difficult to distinguish’, then ‘similar, look alike’ [Mizukami]) as phonetic with associated sense ‘raccoon’, to give original meaning ‘raccoon-like creature’ (Katō, Yamada). The senses ‘similar; variety, sort’ are loan usages. Shirakawa, by contrast, seeks to give a ritualistic interpretation to the origin of the graph , arguing that rice ( 220) and dogs () were offered to the gods. KJ1970:914; YK1976:501; MS1995:1444-5; SS1984:895. Suggest taking 103 ‘head’, 220 ‘rice’, and 56 ‘big’. Mnemonic: VARIETY OF RICE WITH BIG HEAD 633 令 REI, RYŌ order, rule L3 5 strokes REIJŌwarrant MEIREIHŌ imperative SHIREIKANcommander OBI ; seal . OBI form has lower element ‘person kneeling’, and upper element with associated sense ‘shout loudly’, to give ‘summon a subordinate/retainer’, and by extension ‘order’. In Shang times and early into the first millennium BC, this graph was used to represent two separate words: one as described above, the other a different but probably related word also meaning ‘order’ and later ‘life’ also (subsequently written as 416). This is one of a small number of graphs in modern Japanese script the handwritten shape of which differs somewhat from the printed equivalent. MS1995:v1:46-7,224-5; KJ1970:177; YK1976:501; AS2007:361,387. Suggest taking as cap, and lower part as kneeling person. Mnemonic: KNEELING PERSON ORDERED TO PUT ON CAP – IT’S THE RULE 634 L3 冷 REI, sameru/masu, tsumetai, hieru/yasu freeze, cold 7 strokes REIZŌrefrigeration REISEI cool-headed hieSHŌsensitive to cold Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has ice 401, and 633 (‘rule’) as phonetic, but associated sense disputed. is taken either as i] ‘shiver’ (Katō, Yamada), or as ii] ‘clear’ (Ogawa, Tōdō); i] gives ‘coldness of ice to make a person shiver’, while ii] gives ‘clear/bright cold’ or ‘ice which is clear/transparent’. KJ1970:915; YK1976:502; OT1968:915; TA1965:475-7. Mnemonic: ICE RULES IN FREEZING COLD 635 L3 例 REIGAIexception ZENREI precedent tatoebafor example REI, tatoeru example, liken, precedent 8 strokes Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 41 ‘person’, and 437 (‘line’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘lined up’, to give ‘people lined up’. Lining up involves a degree of organization and arrangement, and this appears to have given rise to extended senses such as ‘usage/precedent’ and ‘example/likening’. KJ1970:922; YK1976:502; OT1968:62. Mnemonic: PEOPLE IN LINE ARE AN EXAMPLE OF FOLLOWING PRECEDENT 206 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters
- Page 156 and 157: texts for ‘use, employ, in order
- Page 158 and 159: 451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
- Page 160 and 161: 458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru refo
- Page 162 and 163: with minor bureaucrat/official’.
- Page 164 and 165: pleased’ is seen as an extended s
- Page 166 and 167: 479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
- Page 168 and 169: 487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru comp
- Page 170 and 171: 494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
- Page 172 and 173: solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
- Page 174 and 175: 509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
- Page 176 and 177: 516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
- Page 178 and 179: 522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
- Page 180 and 181: 529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
- Page 182 and 183: 537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
- Page 184 and 185: still acting as phonetic and still
- Page 186 and 187: 551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
- Page 188 and 189: 558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
- Page 190 and 191: 566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
- Page 192 and 193: 574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
- Page 194 and 195: 582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor,
- Page 196 and 197: 591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
- Page 198 and 199: 599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
- Page 200 and 201: found in the clerical script. Mizuk
- Page 202 and 203: 614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
- Page 204 and 205: 621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
- Page 208 and 209: 636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
- Page 210 and 211: THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS 641
- Page 212 and 213: 647 L3 易 8 EKI, I, yasui, yasa
- Page 214 and 215: 654 L1 恩 ON favor, kindness 10 st
- Page 216 and 217: 660 L1 賀 GA congratulations 12 st
- Page 218 and 219: 667 L1 668 L3 幹 KAN, miki trun
- Page 220 and 221: 674 L1 義 GI righteousness 13 s
- Page 222 and 223: 682 L3 禁 KIN forbid, ban 13 st
- Page 224 and 225: 690 L3 検 KEN investigate 12 strok
- Page 226 and 227: sense, i.e. ‘test by comparison
- Page 228 and 229: (original Peking Palace woodblock e
- Page 230 and 231: 713 L3 罪 ZAI, tsumi crime, sin 13
- Page 232 and 233: 720 L3 師 SHI teacher, model, a
- Page 234 and 235: 726 L4 質 SHITSU, SHICHI, CHI q
- Page 236 and 237: 733 L3 準 JUN level, conform, quas
- Page 238 and 239: 741 L3 情 11 JŌ, SEI, nasake feel
- Page 240 and 241: 749 製 SEI Seal ; late graph (Shuo
- Page 242 and 243: 757 L1 銭 SEN, zeni sen, coin, mon
- Page 244 and 245: 764 L3 則 SOKU, nori, nottoru rule
- Page 246 and 247: 772 L3 団 DANgodumpling FUTONfu
- Page 248 and 249: 780 L1 統 TŌ, suberu supervise, l
- Page 250 and 251: 788 破 HA, yaburu/reru Seal ; late
- Page 252 and 253: 796 L1 俵 HYŌ, tawara sack, ba
- Page 254 and 255: of two vessels (one upright and the
628<br />
L3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
良<br />
RYŌ, yoi<br />
good<br />
7 strokes<br />
RYŌSHINconscience<br />
KAIRYŌimprovement<br />
yosaworth, quality<br />
OBI ; bronze ; seal . OBI forms depict some<br />
sort of receptacle for pouring material in to<br />
measure, then letting it out. The simplest<br />
bronze form differs a little in shape, but shows<br />
the same in essence as OBI, as does the seal<br />
629<br />
L4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
料<br />
10<br />
RYŌ<br />
materials, measure,<br />
charge<br />
strokes<br />
GENRYŌraw materials<br />
RYŌKINcharge, fee<br />
RYŌRIcooking<br />
Bronze ; seal . Has 220 ‘rice’, and <br />
1766 (originally ‘ladle [for measuring]’), to give<br />
‘measure rice’, later generalised to just ‘measure’.<br />
‘Charge’ may be regarded as an extended sense.<br />
630<br />
L3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
量<br />
RYŌ, hakaru<br />
measure, quantity<br />
12 strokes<br />
JŪRYŌheavy weight<br />
BUNRYŌquantity<br />
RYŌTEKIquantitative<br />
OBI ; seal . Upper part of older forms is<br />
usually taken to depict top of receptacle<br />
for measuring, with 326 (originally ‘sack’,<br />
‘heavy’) meaning ‘measure’ either as associated<br />
phonetic sense (Katō, Yamada) or as extended<br />
631<br />
輪<br />
RIN, wa<br />
wheel, hoop<br />
L3<br />
15 strokes<br />
SHARINvehicle wheel<br />
SANRINSHAtricycle<br />
wanagequoits<br />
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 33<br />
‘vehicle’, and (CO, orig aligned bundle of<br />
wooden writing slips: see 884) taken as<br />
form. The shape then evolved further through<br />
clerical script into its block script form. Katō<br />
takes receptacle as vessel normally used for<br />
food; Ogawa sees it as sieve. Former view<br />
treats sense ‘good’ as a loan usage; latter view<br />
sees it as extended usage. KJ1970:537-9;<br />
MS1995:v2:1102-3; YK1976:497; OT1968:839;<br />
SK1984:613. Suggest taking as 163 ‘food/<br />
eat’ minus the lid .<br />
Mnemonic: TAKES LID OFF FOOD – LOOKS<br />
GOOD!<br />
The element here is better taken as semantic<br />
(Ogawa, Shirakawa) rather than phonetic, as<br />
the historical pronunciations in early Chinese<br />
are not very supportive of a phonetic role.<br />
Etymologically similar to 87 ‘course, section’,<br />
but became associated with ‘class, degree’<br />
at an early period. OT1968:448; SS1984:883;<br />
AS2007:628,357; MS1995:v1:592; KJ1970:731;<br />
YK1976:498; TA1965:254.<br />
Mnemonic: RICE IS MEASURED – FOR A<br />
CHARGE<br />
sense (Ogawa). Shirakawa, though, sees top<br />
part as opening at top of sack to pour grain in,<br />
and lower part in the original sense ‘sack’. Some<br />
variation in analysis, but overall sense is taken<br />
uniformly as ‘measure’ (originally rice, later<br />
general); by extension, ‘quantity’. KJ1970:537;<br />
YK1976:498; MS1995:v2:1356-7; OT1968:1033;<br />
SS1984:885. Take as 238 as ‘village’, 66<br />
‘day’ and 1 ‘one’.<br />
Mnemonic: VILLAGE GETS MEASURED QUAN-<br />
TITY FOR ONE DAY<br />
semantic, meaning ‘round’ (Katō, Yamada), or<br />
as phonetic meaning ‘lined up’ (Ogawa, Tōdō);<br />
in Tōdō’s word-family ‘same things lined up’.<br />
Both analyses refer to spokes of a cart/chariot<br />
wheel, extended to wheel itself. KJ1970:911-12;<br />
YK1976:500; OT1968:986; TA1965:686-9. We<br />
suggest as ‘capped’ ‘wheels’ .<br />
Mnemonic: VEHICLE HAS ALIGNED WHEELS,<br />
MOREOVER CAPPED<br />
The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 205
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