480531170

595
飛
HI, tobu
fly
L3
9 strokes
HIKŌKIaeroplane
HIGOwild rumor
tobidasujump out
OBI ; seal . Pictograph of a bird with
wings spread in flight, to denote ‘rise up high’,
and so ‘fly’. Mizukami tentatively identifies a
corresponding OBI form, taking it as possibly
representing a distant view of birds in flight.
MS1995:v2:1452-3; KJ1970:797; YK1976:423.
Suggest taking as tall reeds
Mnemonic: TWO LONG-BEAKED CRANES
FLYING THROUGH TALL REEDS
596
費
HI, tsuiyasu
spend, cost
L3
12 strokes
HIYŌcosts
SHŌHISHAconsumer
SEIKATSUHIliving costs
Bronze ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell currency’,
and (CO, originally, undo cords binding
something) as phonetic with associated sense
‘not, not have’ (Mizukami also lists second
analysis as ‘disperse, divide’), to give ‘lose/
disperse shell currency’, thus ‘spend’/‘costs’.
MS1995:v2:1238-9,468-9; KJ1970:833;
YK1976:424.
Mnemonic: UNWIND AND SPEND MONEY
597
L3
必
HITSU, kanarazu
necessarily
5 strokes
HITSUYŌnecessity
HISSHIdesperation
HITSUZENinevitability
Bronze ; seal . Has ‘halberd’ (see e.g. 545),
and an element made of a shape like to represent
not ‘eight’ (70) but two lengths of bamboo
which were firmly bound to the handle of
a weapon such as a halberd to strengthen it, to
give ‘reinforced weapon handle’. The abstract
sense ‘necessarily’ is regarded as an extended
usage based on the perception of certainty
and reliability of such a weapon handle.
Clerical script forms exhibit shapes transitional
between the seal form on the one hand and
block script on the other. MS1995:v1:494-6;
KJ1970:805-6; YK1976:425-6; SK1984:302. We
suggest taking the modern graph as 164
‘heart’, with long extra stroke through middle
(take as lance).
Mnemonic: LANCE THROUGH THE HEART
NECESSARILY HAS CONSEQUENCES
598
L1
票
HYŌ
vote, label, sign
11 strokes
HYŌKETSUvote
TŌHYŌvoting
DENPYŌchit, slip
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). As the seal form
shows, originally has 8 ‘flames, fire’, and upper
element as phonetic with associated sense
‘fly, fly up’, to give ‘sparks fly up’. Shirakawa
agrees with latter meaning, but links graph
to the ritual burning of a corpse (cremation).
Tōdō includes – together with 599 –
in his word-family ‘rise lightly’. The modern
senses ‘vote’, ‘sign’, ‘ticket’ seem to be loan
usages. KJ1970:845-6; YK1976:428; OT1968:723;
SS1984:725-6; TA1965:275-7. Take as 169
‘west’ plus 723 ‘show’.
Mnemonic: VOTE SHOWS WEST ON TOP
196 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters