480531170

587
L3
得
TOKU, eru, uru
gain, potential
11 strokes
TOKUTENpoints, score
SHOTOKUincome
ariurupossible
OBI ; seal . Corresponding OBI and bronze
forms often lack the element 131 ‘road, go’,
and have only 10 (‘shell, shell-currency’)
with 2003/ 920 (both meaning ‘hand’).
Early forms of these two graphs were very
similar, and often was changed to (Qiu),
also meaning ‘measure’, thus ‘obtain wealth’.
Addition of changed the meaning to
‘obtain wealth on the road’. The modern sense
‘gain’ is a generalization of the original meaning;
‘potential’ can be seen as an extended
sense. By the seal stage, the component
was being rendered through error as 20
‘see’. Then at the clerical script stage, /
was commonly abbreviated to or , and
this carried through to the block script as .
QX2000:187-8; KJ1970:743,579; YK1976:395;
MS1995:v1:488-9,192; SK1984:294-70. Take
right-hand elements as 66 ‘day’, ‘one’ 1,
and ‘hand/measure’ .
Mnemonic: MEASURE POTENTIAL GAINS IN
MOVEMENT OVER ONE DAY
588
毒
DOKU
poison
L3
8 strokes
YŪDOKUpoisonous
KInoDOKUsorry, pity
DOKUhebivenomous snake
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 53 ‘plant’,
and 毐 (indecent act) as phonetic with associated
sense ‘harm’, to give ‘plants to harm
people’, thus ‘poison’. KJ1970:742-3; YK1976:396;
OT1968:548. Take as / 222 ‘mother’ and
as variant of 44 ‘life’.
Mnemonic: MOTHER LIVES ON DESPITE
POISON
589
熱
NETSU, atsui
heat
L3
15 strokes
NESSHINenthusiasm
NETTAItropics
TAINETSUheat resistant
Seal . Has /8 ‘flames, fire’, and (later )
(‘kneel on the ground and plant tree’: see 495).
The latter element is taken in one analysis as
phonetic with associated sense ‘rising heat from
fermenting wine’, later generalized in meaning to
‘hot vapor/hot’ and combining with/to give
‘heat; burn’. Another interpretation takes as
semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘power, energy’,
regarding it as the original way of writing 747
‘power’, giving ‘heat to burn things’ (Ogawa).
KJ1970:354-5; YK1976:402-3; OT1968:626. We
suggest taking top left element as ‘mounds of
earth’ (see 627), and 101 as ‘circle/round’.
Mnemonic: EARTHEN MOUNDS ROUND FIRE
BECOME HOT
590
念
NEN
thought, concern
L3
8 strokes
NENRIKIwill-power
NENiri nacareful
NENBUTSUBuddhist prayer
Bronze form ; seal form . Has 164 ‘heart,
mind’, and 138 (originally a roof or other
covering, modern meaning ‘now’) as phonetic
with associated sense ‘keep firmly’, to give ‘keep
firmly in the mind’, and so ‘think’, sometimes
with a profound or religious connotation.
KJ1970:749-50; MS1995:v1:502-3; YK1976:404;
OT1968:362.
Mnemonic: NOW THE HEART IS THOUGHT TO
BE A CONCERN
194 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters