480531170
582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor, try 7 strokes DORYOKUeffort DORYOKUKAhard worker tsutometeas best one can 583 L3 灯 TŌ, hi light, lamp 6 strokes TŌDAIlighthouse DENTŌelectric light TŌSHINlamp wick Late, post-Shuowen graph; traditional . Has 8 ‘flame, fire’, and 382 (‘climb’) taken as either a semantic element meaning ‘rise’ (Yamada),or as phonetic with associated sense ‘burn’ (Yamada, Ogawa), to give ‘light, lamp’. Katō and Yamada 584 堂 DŌ hall, temple L4 11 strokes KŌDŌauditorium SHOKUDŌdining hall DŌDŌtarustately, grand Seal ; arguably a late graph (Shuowen). Has 64 ‘ground’, and 1491 (smoke rising from high-up window, now meaning ‘moreover’, 585 働 DŌ, hataraku work L4 13 strokes RŌDŌlabor hatarakitehard worker hatarakiguchijob available 586 特 TOKU special L4 10 strokes TOKUCHŌcharacteristic TOKUCHŌforte DOKUTOKUuniqueness Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 108 ‘ox, cow’, and 149 (‘temple’) as phonetic. The phonetic is taken as associated sense ‘single young male’, to give ‘bull’ (Katō, Yamada), or Seal ; late, post-Shuowen graph. Has 1773 ‘slave’, as semantic and phonetic, meaning ’do hard/dirty work’, reinforced by 78 ‘strength/ effort’, giving ‘work like slave’; then ‘work hard, make efforts’. KJ1970:739-41; YK1976:383; OT1965:125; AS2007:404-5. Mnemonic: TRY WITH SLAVE-LIKE EFFORT list as the earlier graph for what later came to be written ; according to Yamada, later came to mean ‘stirrups’ (‘metal for climbing up with’), and at that point the left-hand element in the graph for ‘light, lamp’ was changed from 16 ‘metal’ to . Kangxi zidian classifies as a popular variant form for ; Ogawa interprets here as phonetic with associated sense ‘red’. YK1976:385; KJ1970:733; OT1968:616,628; ZY2009:681,659. Take as 367 ‘nail’. Mnemonic: BURNING NAIL GIVES OFF LIGHT!? ‘esteem’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘high, tall’. Originally, thought to have normally denoted a site with earth piled up high with a building set on top; appears to have come to denote a very substantial building. Note: Mizukami gives one bronze form which he equates with . KJ1970:668; YK1976:392; MS1995:v1:272-3,400-01. Mnemonic: GRAND HALL IS BUILT, MOREOVER, ON SOLID GROUND A graph devised in Japan (kokuji) – see Introduction. Has 41 ‘person’, and 384 ‘move’, thence to ‘work’. The on reading DŌ was created by analogy on the basis of that for . YK1976:393; KJ1970:704. Mnemonic: WORKING PEOPLE ON THE MOVE alternatively ‘stand upright’, to give ‘stud bull’ (Tōdō, Ogawa). Bulls were often taken for sacrificial purposes, and the ones selected tended to be of the highest quality, hence the sense ‘special’; Shirakawa also quotes an early passage in which has the meaning ‘special’, this time with reference to people. KJ1970:481-2; YK1976:394; TA1965:88-90; SS1984:659. Mnemonic: BULL AT THE TEMPLE MEANS SOMETHING SPECIAL The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 193
587 L3 得 TOKU, eru, uru gain, potential 11 strokes TOKUTENpoints, score SHOTOKUincome ariurupossible OBI ; seal . Corresponding OBI and bronze forms often lack the element 131 ‘road, go’, and have only 10 (‘shell, shell-currency’) with 2003/ 920 (both meaning ‘hand’). Early forms of these two graphs were very similar, and often was changed to (Qiu), also meaning ‘measure’, thus ‘obtain wealth’. Addition of changed the meaning to ‘obtain wealth on the road’. The modern sense ‘gain’ is a generalization of the original meaning; ‘potential’ can be seen as an extended sense. By the seal stage, the component was being rendered through error as 20 ‘see’. Then at the clerical script stage, / was commonly abbreviated to or , and this carried through to the block script as . QX2000:187-8; KJ1970:743,579; YK1976:395; MS1995:v1:488-9,192; SK1984:294-70. Take right-hand elements as 66 ‘day’, ‘one’ 1, and ‘hand/measure’ . Mnemonic: MEASURE POTENTIAL GAINS IN MOVEMENT OVER ONE DAY 588 毒 DOKU poison L3 8 strokes YŪDOKUpoisonous KInoDOKUsorry, pity DOKUhebivenomous snake Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 53 ‘plant’, and 毐 (indecent act) as phonetic with associated sense ‘harm’, to give ‘plants to harm people’, thus ‘poison’. KJ1970:742-3; YK1976:396; OT1968:548. Take as / 222 ‘mother’ and as variant of 44 ‘life’. Mnemonic: MOTHER LIVES ON DESPITE POISON 589 熱 NETSU, atsui heat L3 15 strokes NESSHINenthusiasm NETTAItropics TAINETSUheat resistant Seal . Has /8 ‘flames, fire’, and (later ) (‘kneel on the ground and plant tree’: see 495). The latter element is taken in one analysis as phonetic with associated sense ‘rising heat from fermenting wine’, later generalized in meaning to ‘hot vapor/hot’ and combining with/to give ‘heat; burn’. Another interpretation takes as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘power, energy’, regarding it as the original way of writing 747 ‘power’, giving ‘heat to burn things’ (Ogawa). KJ1970:354-5; YK1976:402-3; OT1968:626. We suggest taking top left element as ‘mounds of earth’ (see 627), and 101 as ‘circle/round’. Mnemonic: EARTHEN MOUNDS ROUND FIRE BECOME HOT 590 念 NEN thought, concern L3 8 strokes NENRIKIwill-power NENiri nacareful NENBUTSUBuddhist prayer Bronze form ; seal form . Has 164 ‘heart, mind’, and 138 (originally a roof or other covering, modern meaning ‘now’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘keep firmly’, to give ‘keep firmly in the mind’, and so ‘think’, sometimes with a profound or religious connotation. KJ1970:749-50; MS1995:v1:502-3; YK1976:404; OT1968:362. Mnemonic: NOW THE HEART IS THOUGHT TO BE A CONCERN 194 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters
- Page 144 and 145: 400 L3 筆 HITSU, fude writing brus
- Page 146 and 147: 408 L4 服 FUKU clothes, yield,
- Page 148 and 149: 415 L4 味 MI, aji, ajiwau taste
- Page 150 and 151: 423 有 YŪ, U, aru have, exist L4
- Page 152 and 153: 430 L3 様 14 YŌ, sama situatio
- Page 154 and 155: 437 L3 列 RETSU row, line 6 str
- Page 156 and 157: texts for ‘use, employ, in order
- Page 158 and 159: 451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
- Page 160 and 161: 458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru refo
- Page 162 and 163: with minor bureaucrat/official’.
- Page 164 and 165: pleased’ is seen as an extended s
- Page 166 and 167: 479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
- Page 168 and 169: 487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru comp
- Page 170 and 171: 494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
- Page 172 and 173: solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
- Page 174 and 175: 509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
- Page 176 and 177: 516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
- Page 178 and 179: 522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
- Page 180 and 181: 529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
- Page 182 and 183: 537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
- Page 184 and 185: still acting as phonetic and still
- Page 186 and 187: 551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
- Page 188 and 189: 558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
- Page 190 and 191: 566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
- Page 192 and 193: 574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
- Page 196 and 197: 591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
- Page 198 and 199: 599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
- Page 200 and 201: found in the clerical script. Mizuk
- Page 202 and 203: 614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
- Page 204 and 205: 621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
- Page 206 and 207: 628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 stro
- Page 208 and 209: 636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
- Page 210 and 211: THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS 641
- Page 212 and 213: 647 L3 易 8 EKI, I, yasui, yasa
- Page 214 and 215: 654 L1 恩 ON favor, kindness 10 st
- Page 216 and 217: 660 L1 賀 GA congratulations 12 st
- Page 218 and 219: 667 L1 668 L3 幹 KAN, miki trun
- Page 220 and 221: 674 L1 義 GI righteousness 13 s
- Page 222 and 223: 682 L3 禁 KIN forbid, ban 13 st
- Page 224 and 225: 690 L3 検 KEN investigate 12 strok
- Page 226 and 227: sense, i.e. ‘test by comparison
- Page 228 and 229: (original Peking Palace woodblock e
- Page 230 and 231: 713 L3 罪 ZAI, tsumi crime, sin 13
- Page 232 and 233: 720 L3 師 SHI teacher, model, a
- Page 234 and 235: 726 L4 質 SHITSU, SHICHI, CHI q
- Page 236 and 237: 733 L3 準 JUN level, conform, quas
- Page 238 and 239: 741 L3 情 11 JŌ, SEI, nasake feel
- Page 240 and 241: 749 製 SEI Seal ; late graph (Shuo
- Page 242 and 243: 757 L1 銭 SEN, zeni sen, coin, mon
582<br />
L3<br />
努<br />
DO, tsutomeru<br />
endeavor, try<br />
7 strokes<br />
DORYOKUeffort<br />
DORYOKUKAhard worker<br />
tsutometeas best one can<br />
583<br />
L3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
灯<br />
TŌ, hi<br />
light, lamp<br />
6 strokes<br />
TŌDAIlighthouse<br />
DENTŌelectric light<br />
TŌSHINlamp wick<br />
Late, post-Shuowen graph; traditional . Has <br />
8 ‘flame, fire’, and 382 (‘climb’) taken as either<br />
a semantic element meaning ‘rise’ (Yamada),or<br />
as phonetic with associated sense ‘burn’ (Yamada,<br />
Ogawa), to give ‘light, lamp’. Katō and Yamada<br />
584<br />
堂<br />
DŌ<br />
hall, temple<br />
L4<br />
11 strokes<br />
KŌDŌauditorium<br />
SHOKUDŌdining hall<br />
DŌDŌtarustately, grand<br />
Seal ; arguably a late graph (Shuowen). Has<br />
64 ‘ground’, and 1491 (smoke rising from<br />
high-up window, now meaning ‘moreover’,<br />
585<br />
働<br />
DŌ, hataraku<br />
work<br />
L4<br />
13 strokes<br />
RŌDŌlabor<br />
hatarakitehard worker<br />
hatarakiguchijob available<br />
586<br />
特<br />
TOKU<br />
special<br />
L4<br />
10 strokes<br />
TOKUCHŌcharacteristic<br />
TOKUCHŌforte<br />
DOKUTOKUuniqueness<br />
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 108 ‘ox,<br />
cow’, and 149 (‘temple’) as phonetic. The<br />
phonetic is taken as associated sense ‘single<br />
young male’, to give ‘bull’ (Katō, Yamada), or<br />
Seal ; late, post-Shuowen graph. Has 1773<br />
‘slave’, as semantic and phonetic, meaning ’do<br />
hard/dirty work’, reinforced by 78 ‘strength/<br />
effort’, giving ‘work like slave’; then ‘work hard,<br />
make efforts’. KJ1970:739-41; YK1976:383;<br />
OT1965:125; AS2007:404-5.<br />
Mnemonic: TRY WITH SLAVE-LIKE EFFORT<br />
list as the earlier graph for what later came<br />
to be written ; according to Yamada, later<br />
came to mean ‘stirrups’ (‘metal for climbing up<br />
with’), and at that point the left-hand element<br />
in the graph for ‘light, lamp’ was changed from<br />
16 ‘metal’ to . Kangxi zidian classifies as<br />
a popular variant form for ; Ogawa interprets<br />
here as phonetic with associated sense ‘red’.<br />
YK1976:385; KJ1970:733; OT1968:616,628;<br />
ZY2009:681,659. Take as 367 ‘nail’.<br />
Mnemonic: BURNING NAIL GIVES OFF LIGHT!?<br />
‘esteem’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning<br />
‘high, tall’. Originally, thought to have normally<br />
denoted a site with earth piled up high with<br />
a building set on top; appears to have come<br />
to denote a very substantial building. Note:<br />
Mizukami gives one bronze form which he<br />
equates with . KJ1970:668; YK1976:392;<br />
MS1995:v1:272-3,400-01.<br />
Mnemonic: GRAND HALL IS BUILT, MOREOVER,<br />
ON SOLID GROUND<br />
A graph devised in Japan (kokuji) – see<br />
Introduction. Has 41 ‘person’, and 384<br />
‘move’, thence to ‘work’. The on reading DŌ was<br />
created by analogy on the basis of that for .<br />
YK1976:393; KJ1970:704.<br />
Mnemonic: WORKING PEOPLE ON THE MOVE<br />
alternatively ‘stand upright’, to give ‘stud bull’<br />
(Tōdō, Ogawa). Bulls were often taken for sacrificial<br />
purposes, and the ones selected tended to<br />
be of the highest quality, hence the sense ‘special’;<br />
Shirakawa also quotes an early passage<br />
in which has the meaning ‘special’, this<br />
time with reference to people. KJ1970:481-2;<br />
YK1976:394; TA1965:88-90; SS1984:659.<br />
Mnemonic: BULL AT THE TEMPLE MEANS<br />
SOMETHING SPECIAL<br />
The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 193