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566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt, zone, obi, wear 10 strokes CHITAIzone obiJIobimaterial NETTAItropics Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 1232 ‘cloth’, and a top element showing a waistband with various items attached, to give ‘belt/sash to wear round the waist with items attached’. The curved middle element in the seal form (in block script) normally means ‘cover’, but in this graph probably indicates ‘wear around the waist’. KJ1970:664; YK1976:344- 5; OT1968:317. Suggest taking as 26 ‘mountain’ and — as ‘zone’. Mnemonic: WEAR CLOTH BELT IN MOUNTAIN ZONE 567 L1 隊 TAI corps, unit 12 strokes HEITAIsoldier GUNTAIarmy BUTAItroop Bronze ; seal ; traditional . Has 1907 ‘mound, hill’, and / (CO, originally ‘cut up pig/ boar’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘hang down; fall’ (later written , see 1735), to give ‘fall from a hill’. ‘Group, troops’ are loan usages. MS1995:v2:1400-01; KJ1970:663; YK1976:345; OT1968:1072. Mnemonic: UNIT OF PIG-LIKE SOLDIERS ON HILL 568 L3 達 TATSU, -tachi attain, plural suffix 12 strokes HATTATSUdevelopment TATSUJINexpert hitotachipeople Bronze seal . Has ‘go, move’ 85, and (‘lamb is born’), which later changed shape to as phonetic with associated sense ‘pass through’, to give ‘road passes through without obstacles’; sense extended through generalization to ‘go through, reach’. Use for the Japanese plural suffix ‘-tachi’ is a borrowing. KJ1970:676- 7; YK1976:349; OT1968:1007. Suggest taking 426 ‘sheep’, and as ‘ground’ 64. Mnemonic: SHEEP MOVE OVER GROUND TO ATTAIN GOAL 569 単 TAN simple, single, unit L3 9 strokes TAN’Iunit,denomination TANJUNsimple TANDOKUsolo OBI ; seal ; traditional Typically taken as depicting a two-pronged thrusting weapon for stabbing an opponent or possibly wild animals as prey, though Shirakawa interprets as a shield with embellishments, and Karlgren tentatively takes as a cicada (later ). The purpose of the roundish or oblong shape at or near the point where the two prongs meet is probably to hold them firmly in place. Overall meaning – if the first analysis above is followed – is ‘sharp two-pronged weapon’. The meanings ‘one; simple’ are loan usages. MS1995:v1:240-41; KJ1970:681-2; YK1976:350-51; SS1984:579; BK1956:58-9. Suggest as ‘ten’ 35 and ‘field’ 63, with three strokes a ‘triple’. Mnemonic: START WITH SINGLE UNIT OF TEN FIELDS, THEN TRIPLE – SIMPLE! The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 189

570 L3 置 CHI, oku put, place, set up 13 strokes HŌCHIleaving as is okimonoornament okibarepository Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has ‘net’ (as modern component, usually ), and 192 (‘direct, upright’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘set up, put up’. The resultant meaning is ‘set up a net (to catch birds, etc.)’, then extended (generalized) to ‘set up, place’. KJ1970:690; YK1976:357; OT1968:796. Mnemonic: SET UP NET BY PUTTING IT IN PLACE DIRECTLY UPRIGHT 571 仲 CHŪ, naka relationship L3 6 strokes CHŪSAImediation nakōdo*go-between nakayokucordially Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 41 ‘person’, and 49 (‘middle’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘one who is between his elder and younger brother (s)’; by extension, meaning generalized to ‘one who stands between two others’. YK1976:360; MS1995:v1:50-51; OT1968:50; AS2007:621. Mnemonic: PERSON IN MIDDLE MAKES FOR GOOD RELATIONSHIP 572 貯 CHO, takuwaeru store, save L3 12 strokes CHOKINsavings CHOZŌ storage CHOSUISŌwater-tank OBI ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell currency’, and 宁 (‘frame for winding and storing thread’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘accumulate and store’, to give ‘accumulate and store shell currency’; later generalized to ‘accumulate, save’. KJ1970:702; MS1995:v2:1236-7, v1:358-9; YK1976:363. Suggest taking 宁 as roof 30 and 367 ‘exact’. Mnemonic: STORED SHELL-MONEY FITS EXACTLY UNDER ROOF 573 兆 CHŌ, kizashi/su sign, omen, trillion L3 6 strokes CHŌKŌsign ZENCHŌ omen OKUCHŌthe masses OBI ; seal . Pictograph showing cracks on turtle shell heated for divination, an important ritual and predictive tool for the Shang rulers. Long curved line in OBI divides the two main parts of such a text, which was in parallel questions. Based on pattern of cracks when the shell was heated, diviners would predict what was believed to be response of the gods. Turtle shells and shoulder bones of deer, etc. were used as convenient relatively flat surfaces for writing at that time, and some three thousand years later provide evidence of the earliest known stage of Chinese writing. Some seal forms have (‘divination cracks’ > ‘divination’: see 96) added. Because originally showed a shell used for divination, it acquired the extended sense ‘sign, omen’. ‘Trillion’ is simply loan usage. KJ1970:301; MS1995:v1:92-3, 172-3; YK1976:364. Mnemonic: CRACKED BACK-TO-BACK TURTLE-SHELLS SHOW BILLION OMENS 190 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters

570<br />

L3<br />

置<br />

CHI, oku<br />

put, place, set up<br />

13 strokes<br />

HŌCHIleaving as is<br />

okimonoornament<br />

okibarepository<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has ‘net’ (as<br />

modern component, usually ), and 192<br />

(‘direct, upright’) as semantic and phonetic,<br />

meaning ‘set up, put up’. The resultant meaning<br />

is ‘set up a net (to catch birds, etc.)’, then<br />

extended (generalized) to ‘set up, place’.<br />

KJ1970:690; YK1976:357; OT1968:796.<br />

Mnemonic: SET UP NET BY PUTTING IT IN<br />

PLACE DIRECTLY UPRIGHT<br />

571<br />

仲<br />

CHŪ, naka<br />

relationship<br />

L3<br />

6 strokes<br />

CHŪSAImediation<br />

nakōdo*go-between<br />

nakayokucordially<br />

Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 41 ‘person’,<br />

and 49 (‘middle’) as semantic and phonetic,<br />

meaning ‘one who is between his elder and<br />

younger brother (s)’; by extension, meaning<br />

generalized to ‘one who stands between<br />

two others’. YK1976:360; MS1995:v1:50-51;<br />

OT1968:50; AS2007:621.<br />

Mnemonic: PERSON IN MIDDLE MAKES FOR<br />

GOOD RELATIONSHIP<br />

572<br />

貯<br />

CHO, takuwaeru<br />

store, save<br />

L3<br />

12 strokes<br />

CHOKINsavings<br />

CHOZŌ storage<br />

CHOSUISŌwater-tank<br />

OBI ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell currency’, and<br />

宁 (‘frame for winding and storing thread’) as<br />

semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘accumulate<br />

and store’, to give ‘accumulate and store shell<br />

currency’; later generalized to ‘accumulate,<br />

save’. KJ1970:702; MS1995:v2:1236-7, v1:358-9;<br />

YK1976:363. Suggest taking 宁 as roof 30<br />

and 367 ‘exact’.<br />

Mnemonic: STORED SHELL-MONEY FITS<br />

EXACTLY UNDER ROOF<br />

573<br />

兆<br />

CHŌ, kizashi/su<br />

sign, omen, trillion<br />

L3<br />

6 strokes<br />

CHŌKŌsign<br />

ZENCHŌ omen<br />

OKUCHŌthe masses<br />

OBI ; seal . Pictograph showing cracks on<br />

turtle shell heated for divination, an important<br />

ritual and predictive tool for the Shang<br />

rulers. Long curved line in OBI divides the two<br />

main parts of such a text, which was in parallel<br />

questions. Based on pattern of cracks when the<br />

shell was heated, diviners would predict what<br />

was believed to be response of the gods. Turtle<br />

shells and shoulder bones of deer, etc. were<br />

used as convenient relatively flat surfaces for<br />

writing at that time, and some three thousand<br />

years later provide evidence of the earliest<br />

known stage of Chinese writing. Some seal<br />

forms have (‘divination cracks’ > ‘divination’:<br />

see 96) added. Because originally showed<br />

a shell used for divination, it acquired the<br />

extended sense ‘sign, omen’. ‘Trillion’ is simply<br />

loan usage. KJ1970:301; MS1995:v1:92-3, 172-3;<br />

YK1976:364.<br />

Mnemonic: CRACKED BACK-TO-BACK<br />

TURTLE-SHELLS SHOW BILLION OMENS<br />

190 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters

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