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537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh, smile 10 strokes KUSHŌwry smile waraigoelaughter egaosmiling face Seal ; a late graph which is included in Shuowen xinfu. This graph is the result of fluctuation in shape, or possibly error. According to Yamada, originated from a graph written 芺 , meaning ‘thistle’, which was borrowed as a loan writing for the abstract word meaning ‘laugh’; following this, as the result of miscopying, 芺 was written with 关 and then , and as a further variation the top element came to be written as / 58 ‘bamboo’. To disambiguate 芺 in the two senses of ‘thistle’ and ‘laugh’, was added for the latter meaning, to give . As a further complicating twist, 22 (‘mouth’) was also added to 关 / above, to give 1391 (note: is used in the sense ‘bloom’ only in Japanese; in Chinese it retains its original sense ‘laugh’). In broad terms, Ogawa adopts a broadly similar view, taking 芺 as being the result of miscopying, and borrowed as a loan for a word meaning ‘act coquettishly’; Katō treats the sense ‘act coquettishly’ as the original meaning of , and ‘laugh’ as a further extension of meaning. In the above there is reference to as a top element having been substituted for 53 (‘grass, plant’); the explanation for this is that in the clerical script (the developmental stage before block script) these two elements were sometimes used interchangeably (as top elements), as noted by Qiu. YK1976:272; OT1968:748; KJ1970:85; QX2000:323. We suggest taking as a big man 56 with head bent. Mnemonic: BIG MAN WITH HEAD BENT LIKE BAMBOO, LAUGHING 538 L1 唱 SHŌ, tonaeru recite, preach 11 strokes TEISHŌadvocacy GASSHŌchorus tonaeneasking price Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 22 ‘mouth’ ‘speak’, and NJK (‘sun rises; rise’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘raise’, to give ‘raise the 539 焼 SHŌ, yaku/keru burn, roast L3 12 strokes NENSHŌcombustion yakeatoburnt remains yakitatefresh-baked Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional . Has 8 ‘fire’ and CO (‘high’). Analysis of latter varies. One takes as associated sense ‘rise high’ (Katō, Yamada), giving ‘flames rise’. Ogawa voice/pitch of the voice’, and by extension ‘sing’. The seal (and older) forms of point to only the upper component as being 66 ‘sun, day’, and the lower component as different: i.e. NJK ‘say, speak’ (determinative no. 73), with OBI and bronze forms representing breath coming out of the mouth when speaking. KJ1970:544; YK1976:273; MS1995:612-3,628-9. Mnemonic: PREACHER’S MOUTH RECITES FOR TWO DAYS sees it as associated sense ‘surround’ (later ), when setting wildfires in hunting. However, Tōdō feels phonetic role for unlikely based on historical pronunciation, and includes in his word-family ‘curve’, giving ‘flames curving upwards’. KJ1970:604-5; YK1976:275; OT1968:620; TA1965:245-6. We suggest taking as [35] ‘ten’ x 3 and [1] ‘one’ = 31 legs. See also 1230 . Mnemonic: ROAST THIRTY-ONE LEGS ON FIRE The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 181

540 L3 象 SHŌ, ZŌ elephant, image 12 strokes SHŌCHŌsymbol INSHŌimpression ZŌGEivory OBI ; seal . Pictograph of elephant. Schuessler takes other meanings such as ‘image’ as repre- 541 照 SHŌ, teru/rasu illuminate, shine L3 13 strokes SANSHŌreference TAISHŌcontrast terikaeshireflector Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 8 ‘flames, fire’ in its modified bottom-of-graph form, 542 賞 SHŌ prize, praise L3 15 strokes SHŌHINprize SHŌSAN praise ITTŌSHŌfirst prize Bronze ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell, shell currency’ and 1491 (early meanings ‘smoke 543 L3 臣 7 SHINKAvassal SHINMIN subjects DAIJINminister SHIN, JIN retainer, subject, minister strokes OBI ; seal . Depicts eye with exaggeratedly large pupil. Taken to mean ‘eyeball’, with senses such as ‘servant, retainer’ typically treated as loan usages (Mizukami, Katō, Yamada, Ogawa). senting separate word having same pronunciation in early Chinese as that for ‘elephant’. Use of in the sense ‘image’ is a loan use. The graph 762 ‘image’ (distinguish from ) was devised later. KJ1970:542; MS1995:v2:1222-3; AS2007:534-5; YK1976:331-2. Suggest taking upper part as ears and trunk, lower part legs and tail. Mnemonic: IMAGE OF ELEPHANT IS TRUNK, FLAPPY EARS, LEGS AND TAIL and 331 (qv) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘bright’, to give ‘bright flames’; Katō takes the associated sense as ‘rise’ as well as ‘bright’, referring to flames burning bright and also rising up high. OT1968:624; KJ1970:607; YK1976:276. Mnemonic: BRIGHT FLAMES SHINE AND ILLUMINATE rises’, ‘high’; now meaning ‘moreover’, ‘esteem’). possibly has a semantic role in terms of ‘high’ (achievement), but here it is mainly a phonetic with associated sense ‘bestow’, to give ‘bestow shell currency/valuables’ (on someone meritorious); by extension, ‘prize; praise’. KJ1970:545-6; MS1995:v2:1246-7; YK1976:277. Mnemonic: MOREOVER, SHELLS ARE PRAISED AS PRIZES Schuessler, by contrast, treats the abstract senses as extended usage with a basic meaning ‘one who watches and looks after things on behalf of higher authority’, and hence the range in status from ‘servant’ through to ‘minister’. Distinguish from 1209 (‘huge, giant’), though this may be helpful as a mnemonic, taking the extra two short strokes as eyelashes. MS1995:v2:1084-5; KJ1970:130; YK1976:286; OT1968:829; AS2007:468. Mnemonic: SQUARE-EYED GIANT WITH EYELASHES IS A RETAINER 544 信 SHIN Bronze ; seal . Has 118 ‘words, speech’, trust, believe and 41 ‘person’, the latter element being L3 9 strokes taken as phonetic with associated sense ‘pile up, accumulate’, to give ‘words spoken pile SHIN’YŌtrust up on (= correspond to) inner thoughts’, and MEISHIN superstition hence ‘sincerity; believe’ (Yamada, Katō). Katō KAKUSHINconviction and Mizukami consider that may be in error 182 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters for (49 ‘thousand’), but even so the latter is

540<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

象<br />

SHŌ, ZŌ<br />

elephant, image<br />

12 strokes<br />

SHŌCHŌsymbol<br />

INSHŌimpression<br />

ZŌGEivory<br />

OBI ; seal . Pictograph of elephant. Schuessler<br />

takes other meanings such as ‘image’ as repre-<br />

541<br />

照<br />

SHŌ, teru/rasu<br />

illuminate, shine<br />

L3<br />

13 strokes<br />

SANSHŌreference<br />

TAISHŌcontrast<br />

terikaeshireflector<br />

Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 8 ‘flames,<br />

fire’ in its modified bottom-of-graph form,<br />

542<br />

賞<br />

SHŌ<br />

prize, praise<br />

L3<br />

15 strokes<br />

SHŌHINprize<br />

SHŌSAN praise<br />

ITTŌSHŌfirst prize<br />

Bronze ; seal . Has 10 ‘shell, shell currency’<br />

and 1491 (early meanings ‘smoke<br />

543<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

臣<br />

7<br />

SHINKAvassal<br />

SHINMIN subjects<br />

DAIJINminister<br />

SHIN, JIN<br />

retainer, subject,<br />

minister<br />

strokes<br />

OBI ; seal . Depicts eye with exaggeratedly<br />

large pupil. Taken to mean ‘eyeball’, with senses<br />

such as ‘servant, retainer’ typically treated as<br />

loan usages (Mizukami, Katō, Yamada, Ogawa).<br />

senting separate word having same pronunciation<br />

in early Chinese as that for ‘elephant’. Use of<br />

in the sense ‘image’ is a loan use. The graph <br />

762 ‘image’ (distinguish from ) was devised later.<br />

KJ1970:542; MS1995:v2:1222-3; AS2007:534-5;<br />

YK1976:331-2. Suggest taking upper part as ears<br />

and trunk, lower part legs and tail.<br />

Mnemonic: IMAGE OF ELEPHANT IS TRUNK,<br />

FLAPPY EARS, LEGS AND TAIL<br />

and 331 (qv) as semantic and phonetic,<br />

meaning ‘bright’, to give ‘bright flames’; Katō<br />

takes the associated sense as ‘rise’ as well as<br />

‘bright’, referring to flames burning bright and<br />

also rising up high. OT1968:624; KJ1970:607;<br />

YK1976:276.<br />

Mnemonic: BRIGHT FLAMES SHINE AND<br />

ILLUMINATE<br />

rises’, ‘high’; now meaning ‘moreover’, ‘esteem’).<br />

possibly has a semantic role in terms of ‘high’<br />

(achievement), but here it is mainly a phonetic<br />

with associated sense ‘bestow’, to give ‘bestow<br />

shell currency/valuables’ (on someone meritorious);<br />

by extension, ‘prize; praise’. KJ1970:545-6;<br />

MS1995:v2:1246-7; YK1976:277.<br />

Mnemonic: MOREOVER, SHELLS ARE PRAISED<br />

AS PRIZES<br />

Schuessler, by contrast, treats the abstract senses<br />

as extended usage with a basic meaning ‘one<br />

who watches and looks after things on behalf of<br />

higher authority’, and hence the range in status<br />

from ‘servant’ through to ‘minister’. Distinguish<br />

from 1209 (‘huge, giant’), though this may<br />

be helpful as a mnemonic, taking the extra two<br />

short strokes as eyelashes. MS1995:v2:1084-5;<br />

KJ1970:130; YK1976:286; OT1968:829;<br />

AS2007:468.<br />

Mnemonic: SQUARE-EYED GIANT WITH<br />

EYELASHES IS A RETAINER<br />

544<br />

信<br />

SHIN<br />

Bronze ; seal . Has 118 ‘words, speech’,<br />

trust, believe<br />

and 41 ‘person’, the latter element being<br />

L3<br />

9 strokes<br />

taken as phonetic with associated sense ‘pile<br />

up, accumulate’, to give ‘words spoken pile<br />

SHIN’YŌtrust<br />

up on (= correspond to) inner thoughts’, and<br />

MEISHIN superstition<br />

hence ‘sincerity; believe’ (Yamada, Katō). Katō<br />

KAKUSHINconviction<br />

and Mizukami consider that may be in error<br />

182 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters<br />

for (49 ‘thousand’), but even so the latter is

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