480531170
487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru compete, bid L3 20 strokes KYŌSŌcompetition KEIBAhorse race seriuriauction Bronze ; seal . Has ‘two people; follow’, and 誩 ‘quarrel’ (118 ‘word’ duplicated), to give original sense ‘two people quarrel’, then ‘quarrel’ generally; ‘vie, compete’ may be 488 L 3 極 12 KYOKU, GOKU, kiwameru extreme, pole strokes HOKKYOKUNorth Pole SHIGOKUextremely SHŌKYOKUcathode Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 73 ‘tree/ wood’ and CO (‘urge on, hurry’) as phonetic, typically taken as having associated sense ‘in the highest place’, thus timber in the highest 489 訓 KUN instruction, kun L 3 10 strokes KUNyomikun reading KUNRENtraining KYŌKUNTEKIedifying Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 118 ‘words’, and 50 (‘river’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘follow’, to give ‘make to follow using words, instruct’. Also has the specific 490 軍 GUN army, military L 3 9 strokes KŪGUNairforce GUNJINmilitary (wo)man BEIGUNUS forces Bronze ; seal . Has 33 ‘vehicle’ (here, ‘military chariot’), and an enclosing element (originally a pictograph of a snake in a curved shape, or in some cases an encircling arm) cor- seen as an extended meaning. The seal form still preserves the etymologically important component in this graph, but subsequently it became distorted and lost in the block script. MS1995:v2:984-5; OT1968:90; YK1976:136; KJ1970:272. Suggest taking modern graph as doubling of 114 ‘elder brother’ with 77 ‘stand’. Mnemonic: TWO ELDER BROTHERS COMPETE IN STAND-OFF place in a building, i.e. ‘ridgebeam’; by extension, ‘extremity, limit’ (Katō, Ogawa, Yamada). Shirakawa, by contrast, believes the initial meaning of was a form of capital punishment (later written 殛 ), and that ridgebeam is a later meaning. KJ1970:284-5; YK1976:138; OT1968:515; SS1984:206; MS1995:v1:32-3. Awkward mnemonically but we suggest as two lines/bars , with 22 ‘mouth/opening’, and hook, and 2003 ‘hand’. Mnemonic: EXTREMELY HOOKED HAND IN OPENING BETWEEN TWO WOODEN BARS meaning ‘native Japanese reading for a Chinese character’, or ‘kun reading’. The graph also retains its early meaning ‘instruct’, reflecting the fact that when Chinese script and language were brought to Japan, the Japanese were instructed in the meanings of Chinese characters. KJ1970:344; MS1995:v2:1186-7; YK1976:144; OT1968:921. Mnemonic: DURING INSTRUCTION ABOUT KUN, WORDS FLOW LIKE RIVER responding in outward form to (enclose) but considered here, based on historical pronunciation, to be an abbreviation of a CO ‘surround, enclose’ (the latter with both semantic and phonetic functions). The graph thus represents chariots drawn up in a circular protective encampment – an ancient military practice. MS1995:v2:1266-9; KJ1970:343; YK1976:145. We suggest taking as ‘cover’. Mnemonic: COVERED MILITARY VEHICLES The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 167
491 郡 GUN, kōri village’), and 285 (‘lord’) as phonetic with county, district associated sense ‘collect, accumulate’, to give L1 10 strokes ‘a collection of settlements’. This served as an administrative unit for such (of varying GUNBUrural district scale) from an early period in China, and then Kōriyamaa place name in Japan, where it is still used. KJ1970:343; WAKEGUN WakeCounty YK1976:145; OT1968:1020. Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 376 (as abbreviated right-hand form of ‘settlement, Mnemonic: VILLAGE BELONGS TO LORD OF COUNTY DISTRICT 492 L1 径 KEI path, direct 8 strokes CHOKKEIdiameter KEIROroute SHŌKEIshort cut Seal ; traditional . Late graph (Shuowen). Has 131 ‘road, go’, and 287 (thread stretched on a loom) as phonetic with associated sense ‘straight’ (Tōdō, Shirakawa, Ogawa). Thus ‘direct path’. However, Katō and Yamada take as ‘small’. This is just one of many examples of divergence in assessing the associated sense of a phonetic in the same graph – in this case, it seems to result from two different interpretations of the same explanation for in Zilin, a Chinese dictionary compiled ca. 300AD which has survived only in fragments. TA1965:498-9; SS1984:227-8; OT1968:347; KJ1970:345-6; YK1976:147. Take modern righthand elements as 2003 ‘hand’ and 64 ‘ground’. Mnemonic: DIRECT PATH ENTAILS MOVING WITH HANDS ON GROUND 493 型 KEI, kata type, model, mold L3 9 strokes GENKEIprototype ōgatalarge size TENKEITEKItypical Bronze ; seal . The etymology of this seemingly straightforward graph presents some difficulties. It has 64 ‘earth’ (here: probably ‘clay’), and an element the shape of which in the block script equivalent is taken to be a) (‘start to make’) (Katō, Yamada), or b) (1256 ‘punish’) (Mizukami, Tōdō). In the case of b), the left-hand side of the older forms (in OBI, bronze, and seal) has been carried over into block script in a modified way (as 开 ) which is a potential pitfall when it comes to the etymology. This sort of modification in shape happened in some cases, as the script evolved through the different stages (see Introduction). Having described the above variations, it should be noted that Kangxi zidian lists both as independent graphs, but treats a) as being the same as b). The disputed top part of this graph may represent the outer frame of a mold, together with a knife 198 ‘knife’ (Mizukami). Gu takes it as an enclosure with a person, standing for cage and prisoner, but the OBI and bronze forms tend to be of a shape better interpreted as /198 rather than 41 ‘person’. Some bronze equivalents of have 63 ‘field’ instead of ‘earth’. Despite the above divergences in analysis, commentators typically take shapes a) and b) as both having the associated sense ‘make’ , and assess the overall meaning of as ‘mold for casting (metal artefacts)’ (Katō, Yamada, Mizukami). ‘Model’ is an extended sense. MS1995:v1:268-9, 122-5, 40-41; KJ1970:359; YK1976:148; GX2008:217; ZY2009:v1:65. We suggest remembering this graph by taking it as 1256 ‘punishment’ and 64 ‘soil/clay/ earth(y)’. Mnemonic: MODEL PUNISHMENT FOR EARTHY TYPES 168 The 200 Fourth Grade Characters
- Page 118 and 119: 294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn
- Page 120 and 121: 303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, serv
- Page 122 and 123: 311 L3 式 SHIKI ceremony, form 6 s
- Page 124 and 125: 319 受 JU, ukeru receive L3 8 stro
- Page 126 and 127: 327 L3 宿 SHUKU, yado(ru) lodge, s
- Page 128 and 129: 335 L3 勝 SHŌ, katsu, masaru win,
- Page 130 and 131: 343 L4 進 SHIN, susumu/meru advanc
- Page 132 and 133: 351 L3 息 10 SOKU, iki breath, res
- Page 134 and 135: 359 第 DAI grade, order L3 11 stro
- Page 136 and 137: 367 丁 CHŌ, TEI block , exact L1
- Page 138 and 139: 375 転 TEN, korogeru/garu rotate,
- Page 140 and 141: 383 等 TŌ, hitoshii, nado class,
- Page 142 and 143: 391 L3 畑 hata, hatake (dry-) f
- Page 144 and 145: 400 L3 筆 HITSU, fude writing brus
- Page 146 and 147: 408 L4 服 FUKU clothes, yield,
- Page 148 and 149: 415 L4 味 MI, aji, ajiwau taste
- Page 150 and 151: 423 有 YŪ, U, aru have, exist L4
- Page 152 and 153: 430 L3 様 14 YŌ, sama situatio
- Page 154 and 155: 437 L3 列 RETSU row, line 6 str
- Page 156 and 157: texts for ‘use, employ, in order
- Page 158 and 159: 451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
- Page 160 and 161: 458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru refo
- Page 162 and 163: with minor bureaucrat/official’.
- Page 164 and 165: pleased’ is seen as an extended s
- Page 166 and 167: 479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
- Page 170 and 171: 494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
- Page 172 and 173: solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
- Page 174 and 175: 509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
- Page 176 and 177: 516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
- Page 178 and 179: 522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
- Page 180 and 181: 529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
- Page 182 and 183: 537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
- Page 184 and 185: still acting as phonetic and still
- Page 186 and 187: 551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
- Page 188 and 189: 558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
- Page 190 and 191: 566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
- Page 192 and 193: 574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
- Page 194 and 195: 582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor,
- Page 196 and 197: 591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
- Page 198 and 199: 599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
- Page 200 and 201: found in the clerical script. Mizuk
- Page 202 and 203: 614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
- Page 204 and 205: 621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
- Page 206 and 207: 628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 stro
- Page 208 and 209: 636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
- Page 210 and 211: THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS 641
- Page 212 and 213: 647 L3 易 8 EKI, I, yasui, yasa
- Page 214 and 215: 654 L1 恩 ON favor, kindness 10 st
- Page 216 and 217: 660 L1 賀 GA congratulations 12 st
487<br />
競<br />
KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru<br />
compete, bid<br />
L3<br />
20 strokes<br />
KYŌSŌcompetition<br />
KEIBAhorse race<br />
seriuriauction<br />
Bronze ; seal . Has ‘two people; follow’,<br />
and 誩 ‘quarrel’ (118 ‘word’ duplicated),<br />
to give original sense ‘two people quarrel’,<br />
then ‘quarrel’ generally; ‘vie, compete’ may be<br />
488<br />
L 3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
極<br />
12<br />
KYOKU, GOKU,<br />
kiwameru<br />
extreme, pole<br />
strokes<br />
HOKKYOKUNorth Pole<br />
SHIGOKUextremely<br />
SHŌKYOKUcathode<br />
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 73 ‘tree/<br />
wood’ and CO (‘urge on, hurry’) as phonetic,<br />
typically taken as having associated sense ‘in<br />
the highest place’, thus timber in the highest<br />
489<br />
訓<br />
KUN<br />
instruction, kun<br />
L 3<br />
10 strokes<br />
KUNyomikun reading<br />
KUNRENtraining<br />
KYŌKUNTEKIedifying<br />
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 118<br />
‘words’, and 50 (‘river’) as phonetic with<br />
associated sense ‘follow’, to give ‘make to follow<br />
using words, instruct’. Also has the specific<br />
490<br />
軍<br />
GUN<br />
army, military<br />
L 3<br />
9 strokes<br />
KŪGUNairforce<br />
GUNJINmilitary (wo)man<br />
BEIGUNUS forces<br />
Bronze ; seal . Has 33 ‘vehicle’ (here,<br />
‘military chariot’), and an enclosing element<br />
(originally a pictograph of a snake in a curved<br />
shape, or in some cases an encircling arm) cor-<br />
seen as an extended meaning. The seal form<br />
still preserves the etymologically important<br />
component in this graph, but subsequently<br />
it became distorted and lost in the block script.<br />
MS1995:v2:984-5; OT1968:90; YK1976:136;<br />
KJ1970:272. Suggest taking modern graph as<br />
doubling of 114 ‘elder brother’ with 77<br />
‘stand’.<br />
Mnemonic: TWO ELDER BROTHERS COMPETE<br />
IN STAND-OFF<br />
place in a building, i.e. ‘ridgebeam’; by extension,<br />
‘extremity, limit’ (Katō, Ogawa, Yamada).<br />
Shirakawa, by contrast, believes the initial<br />
meaning of was a form of capital punishment<br />
(later written 殛 ), and that ridgebeam<br />
is a later meaning. KJ1970:284-5; YK1976:138;<br />
OT1968:515; SS1984:206; MS1995:v1:32-3. Awkward<br />
mnemonically but we suggest as two<br />
lines/bars , with 22 ‘mouth/opening’, and<br />
hook, and 2003 ‘hand’.<br />
Mnemonic: EXTREMELY HOOKED HAND IN<br />
OPENING BETWEEN TWO WOODEN BARS<br />
meaning ‘native Japanese reading for a Chinese<br />
character’, or ‘kun reading’. The graph also<br />
retains its early meaning ‘instruct’, reflecting<br />
the fact that when Chinese script and language<br />
were brought to Japan, the Japanese were instructed<br />
in the meanings of Chinese characters.<br />
KJ1970:344; MS1995:v2:1186-7; YK1976:144;<br />
OT1968:921.<br />
Mnemonic: DURING INSTRUCTION ABOUT<br />
KUN, WORDS FLOW LIKE RIVER<br />
responding in outward form to (enclose) but<br />
considered here, based on historical pronunciation,<br />
to be an abbreviation of a CO ‘surround,<br />
enclose’ (the latter with both semantic and<br />
phonetic functions). The graph thus represents<br />
chariots drawn up in a circular protective<br />
encampment – an ancient military practice.<br />
MS1995:v2:1266-9; KJ1970:343; YK1976:145. We<br />
suggest taking as ‘cover’.<br />
Mnemonic: COVERED MILITARY VEHICLES<br />
The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 167
Change language