480531170
458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru reform 7 strokes KAIKAKUreform KAISEIamendment aratameteonce again OBI ; seal . Has / 112 ‘strike with stick/ whip’, and a left-hand component which in OBI and bronze is equivalent to the NJK , originally a pictograph of a snake or fetus, but later changed to (NJK; ‘stop; already’), and then to 866 (‘twisted thread; self’); the authoritative Kangxi zidian (Peking Palace printed edition) has what seems the etymologically incorrect form with (). Japanese scholars typically interpret the graph as 112, ‘hand holding stick’, with as a phonetic with an associated sense ‘demon’, to give ‘drive out demons’, a ritual practiced in ancient China around the end of one season to usher in the next season. Thus meanings such as ‘change’ in general, and ‘reform’ are extended usages. However, several Chinese scholars, as noted by Ma, analyze it instead as a person chastising a child (in OBI script, some occurrences of and 27 ‘child’ are extremely similar in shape). In either case ‘change, reform’ is still seen as extended usage. Note: the graph is still used in the context of Chinese and Japanese culture in its original meaning of ‘snake’ as the sixth of the ‘Twelve Branches’, to indicate hours of the day etc.. KJ170:151-2; KZ2001:998/3671; YK1976:88-9; OT1968:435; SS1984:87-8; MR2007:280-81; QX2000:326. We give two suggested mnemonics below, one based on as snake, the other taking the same form as ‘self’ (in the latter case taking in one of its extended meanings, ‘force/coerce’). Mnemonic: BEAT A SNAKE TO MAKE IT REFORM Or: FORCE ONESELF TO REFORM 459 械 KAI device L3 11 strokes KIKAIapparatus KIKAImachine KIKAIKAmechanization Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 73 ‘tree, wood’, and 1095 (‘warn, admonish’ qv) functioning here either semantically to mean ‘admonish’, to give an overall meaning of ‘wooden item used to admonish’, i.e. handcuffs or shackles, or phonetically with an associated sense of ‘device, tool’, to give ‘wooden device/ tool’. The latter sense may be regarded as a generalised meaning based on the former. KJ1970:147; YK1976:90; OT1968:506. Again we suggest two mnemonics, one using as it stands, with its meaning of ‘admonish,’ and one breaking it down to its component parts: 545 ‘halberd’ with indicating two hands. Mnemonic: WOODEN DEVICE FOR ADMONISHING Or: A TWO-HANDED WOODEN HALBERD IS A USEFUL DEVICE 460 L3 害 GAI harm, damage 10 strokes SONGAIdamage, loss SATSUGAImurder BŌGAIobstruction Bronze ; seal . Bronze form is taken in one view as an inverted basket, with 121 (original meaning ‘skull’) as phonetic. Mizukami lists two interpretations for the associated sense of : firstly, ‘something to put on from on top’, or ‘stop, prevent’, to give overall meaning ‘put something over’, or ‘cover and prevent’. Alternatively, Katō and Yamada take in a semantic function as ‘helmet/cap/head’ (‘head’ is an extended sense from ‘skull’), to give resultant meaning ‘cover the head’. ‘Harm, damage’ is treated as a loan usage. MS1995:v1:372-4; YK1976:93; KJ1970:154-5. We suggest taking 30 as ‘cover’, 22 ‘mouth, and as variant of 44 ‘life’. Mnemonic: COVERING LIVE MOUTH CAN CAUSE HARM The 200 Fourth Grade Characters 159
461 街 GAI, KAI, machi 64 ‘earth’ as boundary between fields, later road, town, area ‘corner’) as phonetic with associated sense historically taken as ‘diverge’, but in modern times L1 12 strokes as ‘join’, to give ‘roads which join’. By extension, ‘(busy) area’, ‘town’. KJ1970:153; YK1976:93; TA1965:509-12. SHIGAI town, city KAIDŌ highway GAITŌ street Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 131 ‘go/crossroads’, and NJK (originally piled up 462 L3 各 KAKU, ono-ono each 6 strokes KAKUEKIeach station KAKKOKUeach country KAKUJIeach, respectively OBI ; seal . Has ‘descending foot’ (block script ; for details, see Appendix), and 22 (‘opening/vessel/mouth’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘descend, come down from 463 L3 覚 12 KAKU, oboeru, sameru/ masu remember, awake strokes JIKAKUself-awareness mezameawakening oboegakimemorandum Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen); traditional form . Has 20 ‘look/see’ (originally ‘appear before 464 完 KAN complete L3 7 strokes KANSEIcompletion MIKANincompletion KANZENperfect Mnemonic: TOWN WITH PILED UP EARTH ON ITS CROSSROADS a high place’; Ogawa and Shirakawa consider refers to the spirits of deities coming down from on high. As usual, Shirakawa takes as a prayer receptacle, not mouth, and regards original sense as praying for spirits of deities to come down. The meaning ‘each’ is a loan usage. MS1995:v1:210-11; KJ1970:190; YK1976:94; OT1968:229. Mnemonic: EACH OF US HAS PUT OUR FOOT IN OUR MOUTH the eyes’), and (join pieces of wood with the hands, presumably timbers on a roof [/]: see 11 and 30) as phonetic with associated sense ‘clear, evident’, to give ‘become clear before the eyes’, and extended senses such as ‘discern, understand’. KJ1970:195; YK1976:96; OT1968:915; MS1995:v2:1176-7. As with 11, we suggest taking the upper part as ‘ornate roof’. Mnemonic: WHEN AWAKE, REMEMBER TO LOOK AT ORNATE ROOF Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 30 ‘roof, house’, and 117 (‘origin’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘hedge, wall’, to give ‘fence/ wall around a house’. By extension, ‘fence/ wall which completely surrounds’ gives the abstract meaning ‘complete’. KJ1970:339-40; YK1976:101; OT1968:272. Mnemonic: COMPLETELY ORIGINAL ROOF 465 官 KAN OBI ; seal . Has 30 ‘roof, house’, and
- Page 110 and 111: 258 L3 HENKAchange KESHŌmake-u
- Page 112 and 113: 267 L3 岸 GAN, kishi bank, shor
- Page 114 and 115: 276 L4 去 KYO, KO, saru go, leave,
- Page 116 and 117: 285 L3 君 KUN, kimi lord, you, Mr
- Page 118 and 119: 294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn
- Page 120 and 121: 303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, serv
- Page 122 and 123: 311 L3 式 SHIKI ceremony, form 6 s
- Page 124 and 125: 319 受 JU, ukeru receive L3 8 stro
- Page 126 and 127: 327 L3 宿 SHUKU, yado(ru) lodge, s
- Page 128 and 129: 335 L3 勝 SHŌ, katsu, masaru win,
- Page 130 and 131: 343 L4 進 SHIN, susumu/meru advanc
- Page 132 and 133: 351 L3 息 10 SOKU, iki breath, res
- Page 134 and 135: 359 第 DAI grade, order L3 11 stro
- Page 136 and 137: 367 丁 CHŌ, TEI block , exact L1
- Page 138 and 139: 375 転 TEN, korogeru/garu rotate,
- Page 140 and 141: 383 等 TŌ, hitoshii, nado class,
- Page 142 and 143: 391 L3 畑 hata, hatake (dry-) f
- Page 144 and 145: 400 L3 筆 HITSU, fude writing brus
- Page 146 and 147: 408 L4 服 FUKU clothes, yield,
- Page 148 and 149: 415 L4 味 MI, aji, ajiwau taste
- Page 150 and 151: 423 有 YŪ, U, aru have, exist L4
- Page 152 and 153: 430 L3 様 14 YŌ, sama situatio
- Page 154 and 155: 437 L3 列 RETSU row, line 6 str
- Page 156 and 157: texts for ‘use, employ, in order
- Page 158 and 159: 451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
- Page 162 and 163: with minor bureaucrat/official’.
- Page 164 and 165: pleased’ is seen as an extended s
- Page 166 and 167: 479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
- Page 168 and 169: 487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru comp
- Page 170 and 171: 494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
- Page 172 and 173: solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
- Page 174 and 175: 509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
- Page 176 and 177: 516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
- Page 178 and 179: 522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
- Page 180 and 181: 529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
- Page 182 and 183: 537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
- Page 184 and 185: still acting as phonetic and still
- Page 186 and 187: 551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
- Page 188 and 189: 558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
- Page 190 and 191: 566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
- Page 192 and 193: 574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
- Page 194 and 195: 582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor,
- Page 196 and 197: 591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
- Page 198 and 199: 599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
- Page 200 and 201: found in the clerical script. Mizuk
- Page 202 and 203: 614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
- Page 204 and 205: 621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
- Page 206 and 207: 628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 stro
- Page 208 and 209: 636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
461<br />
街<br />
GAI, KAI, machi 64 ‘earth’ as boundary between fields, later<br />
road, town, area<br />
‘corner’) as phonetic with associated sense historically<br />
taken as ‘diverge’, but in modern times<br />
L1<br />
12 strokes<br />
as ‘join’, to give ‘roads which join’. By extension,<br />
‘(busy) area’, ‘town’. KJ1970:153; YK1976:93;<br />
TA1965:509-12.<br />
SHIGAI town, city<br />
KAIDŌ highway<br />
GAITŌ street<br />
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 131<br />
‘go/crossroads’, and NJK (originally piled up<br />
462<br />
L3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
各<br />
KAKU, ono-ono<br />
each<br />
6 strokes<br />
KAKUEKIeach station<br />
KAKKOKUeach country<br />
KAKUJIeach, respectively<br />
OBI ; seal . Has ‘descending foot’ (block<br />
script ; for details, see Appendix), and <br />
22 (‘opening/vessel/mouth’) as phonetic with<br />
associated sense ‘descend, come down from<br />
463<br />
L3<br />
覚<br />
12<br />
KAKU, oboeru, sameru/<br />
masu<br />
remember, awake<br />
strokes<br />
JIKAKUself-awareness<br />
mezameawakening<br />
oboegakimemorandum<br />
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen); traditional form<br />
. Has 20 ‘look/see’ (originally ‘appear before<br />
464<br />
完<br />
KAN<br />
complete<br />
L3<br />
7 strokes<br />
KANSEIcompletion<br />
MIKANincompletion<br />
KANZENperfect<br />
Mnemonic: TOWN WITH PILED UP EARTH ON<br />
ITS CROSSROADS<br />
a high place’; Ogawa and Shirakawa consider<br />
refers to the spirits of deities coming down<br />
from on high. As usual, Shirakawa takes as<br />
a prayer receptacle, not mouth, and regards<br />
original sense as praying for spirits of deities to<br />
come down. The meaning ‘each’ is a loan usage.<br />
MS1995:v1:210-11; KJ1970:190; YK1976:94;<br />
OT1968:229.<br />
Mnemonic: EACH OF US HAS PUT OUR FOOT<br />
IN OUR MOUTH<br />
the eyes’), and (join pieces of wood with the<br />
hands, presumably timbers on a roof [/]: see<br />
11 and 30) as phonetic with associated sense<br />
‘clear, evident’, to give ‘become clear before the<br />
eyes’, and extended senses such as ‘discern, understand’.<br />
KJ1970:195; YK1976:96; OT1968:915;<br />
MS1995:v2:1176-7. As with 11, we suggest<br />
taking the upper part as ‘ornate roof’.<br />
Mnemonic: WHEN AWAKE, REMEMBER TO<br />
LOOK AT ORNATE ROOF<br />
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 30 ‘roof,<br />
house’, and 117 (‘origin’) as phonetic with<br />
associated sense ‘hedge, wall’, to give ‘fence/<br />
wall around a house’. By extension, ‘fence/<br />
wall which completely surrounds’ gives the<br />
abstract meaning ‘complete’. KJ1970:339-40;<br />
YK1976:101; OT1968:272.<br />
Mnemonic: COMPLETELY ORIGINAL ROOF<br />
465<br />
官<br />
KAN<br />
OBI ; seal . Has 30 ‘roof, house’, and