480531170

430
L3
様
14
YŌ, sama
situation, way, appearance,
polite suffix
strokes
SHIYŌway, means
arisamasituation
minasamaeveryone (polite)
Seal ; traditional ; a late graph (Shuowen).
Has 73 ‘tree, wood’, and what is generally
taken as 羕 (originally pictograph of big river
with tributaries) as phonetic. Yamada takes 羕
as having associated sense ‘resemble’, and Katō
says it may have this meaning, but despite the
connection with appearance, both consider
‘appearance/form’ as loan usage. Ogawa takes
to be a variant of the NJK ‘horse chestnut’
or ‘oak’, and likewise takes as a loan for
‘appearance’. As for the use of for‘–sama’ as
a polite suffix, there was an independent Japanese
word sama ‘condition/appearance/shape’,
found from about the tenth century, sometimes
written as , and its use in modern Japanese
for ‘–sama’ as a suffix may be regarded as a loan
usage. YK1976:485; KJ1970:875; OT1968:519.
We suggest taking the elements as 73 ‘tree’,
426 ‘sheep’, and 42 ‘water’.
Mnemonic: SHEEP APPEARS TO WATER TREE
– AWKWARD SITUATION
431
落
RAKU, ochiru/tosu Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 53 plant/
fall, drop
grass, and (now NJK for ‘Kyoto’; originally a
L4
12 strokes
river name) as phonetic, to give ‘leaves fall’, then
general sense ‘fall’. KJ1970:894; MS1995:v2:750;
RAKKAfall, descent
YK1976:488. Suggest use 462 ‘each’, with
ochibafallen leaf
otoshimonodropped item
42 ‘water’.
Mnemonic: FROM EACH PLANT, LEAVES FALL
LIKE WATER DROPLETS
432
流
RYŪ, RU, nagareru/su Bronze ; seal . Has 42 ‘water/liquid’, and
flow, stream
CO ‘baby born amidst outflowing amniotic
L3
10 strokes
fluid’ (see also 247) as semantic and phonetic,
giving ‘baby born amidst amniotic fluid’;
RYŪKŌfashion
meaning later generalized to ‘flow out’. The
RUFUspread
earlier seal form has ‘water’ /written twice.
nagaregidriftwood
KJ1970:585; MS1995:v2:778-9; YK1976:495;
OT1968:581.
Mnemonic: INVERTED CHILD BORN IN
WATERY FLOW
433
L4
旅
RYO, tabi
journey
10 strokes
RYOKŌjourney
RYOHItravel expenses
tabibitotraveler
OBI ; seal . Has 353 ‘flag’, with what
is today a CO meaning ‘follow’, which Yamada
takes as phonetic with associated sense
‘accompany’, while Katō and Mizukami take as
‘many together’, to give an overall meaning of
‘(many) people/soldiers gathered beneath a
flag’. Historical meanings include ‘group of 500
troops’ (still used in modern Chinese to mean
‘troops’); also ‘troops moving’, and then in
generalised sense ‘journey’. MS1995:v1:602-3;
KJ1970:900; OT1968:456. We suggest taking
223 as ‘side’, and as ‘odd clothes’ (see 444).
Mnemonic: PUT ODD CLOTHES ON ONE SIDE
FOR JOURNEY
The 200 Third Grade Characters 151