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303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, servant 8 strokes SHIYŌuse TAISHIambassador kozukaiservant, porter OBI , seal . OBI forms, showing a hand holding a writing brush are difficult to differentiate from those for 2074 ‘official’, 309 (‘thing’, ‘act’), and 523 ‘scribe, history’.In early Chinese, two of the four underlying words (those represented by and ) were homophones. At seal stage, the graph emerged differentiated in shape from the other three, having 41 ‘person’, and 2074 as phonetic and semantic meaning ‘work’, giving ‘one who does (allocated) work’; sense then narrowed to ‘(an) official’. MS1995:v1:60-61, 26-8; BK1957:256; KJ1970:450; OT1968:59; AS2007:350, 465-6. Mnemonic: OFFICIAL PERSON USES SERVANT 304 L4 始 SHI, hajimeru/maru begin, first 8 strokes SHIJŪ throughout SHIDŌKI starter motor hajimete for the first time The bronze forms and have 37 ‘woman’, together with elements corresponding to (not 183) or 443 respectively as the phonetic, both having similar pronunciation in early Chinese. The phonetic has an associated sense of ‘first daughter’, leading to a more generalised meaning of just ‘first’. MS1995:v1:320-21; KJ1970:14; OT1968:255; YK1976:220. We suggest taking as ‘nose’ and ‘mouth’ 22. Mnemonic: A WOMAN’S FACE BEGINS WITH A NOSE AND MOUTH 305 指 SHI, yubi, sasu finger, point L3 9 strokes SHIJIindication oyayubithumb sashiZUdirections A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 34 ‘hand’, and 1401 as phonetic. Though the modern meaning of is ‘good/tasty’, here it has an associated sense of ‘become divided up, separate’ – a reference to the fingers (Katō, Yamada) or ‘show, point to’ (Ogawa). KJ1970:466; YK1976:222; OT1968:412. We suggest taking (see 258) as a person sitting, and as ‘sun’ 66. Mnemonic: PERSON SITS POINTING WITH FINGER AT SUN 306 L3 歯 SHI, ha tooth, teeth 12 strokes SHIKON dental root haISHA dentist haguruma toothed gear Traditional . OBI form depicts mouth, showing teeth. Bronze form has phonetic 143 (‘stop’) added as top component, as in the modern graph, with associated sense ‘be lined up’ (Katō, Yamada), or ‘stay, stop’ (Mizukami, Tōdō). (Tōdō says sense is teeth ‘stay in one place’ while chewing). MS1995:v2:1526-7; KJ1970:469-70; YK1976:224; TA1965:69-71; MR2007:249. We suggest taking in its meaning ‘stop’, as ‘rice’ 220, and the enclosure as a mouth. Mnemonic: TEETH ENSURE RICE STOPS IN MOUTH The 200 Third Grade Characters 119

307 詩 SHI A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 118 ‘words’, poetry L1 and 149 (‘temple’) as phonetic with 13 strokes associated sense ‘move, advance’ (Mizukami, Tōdō) (Tōdō says here it means ‘move feelings SHIJIN poet forward through language’), or ‘thought, volition’ (Yamada). MS1995:v2:1194-5; TA1965:72-4; SHITEKI poetic SHIJŌ poetic sentiment YK1976:224-5. Mnemonic: WORDS AT THE TEMPLE ARE POETIC 308 次 JI, SHI, tsugi, tsugu next, follow L3 6 strokes SANJI tertiary SHIDAI ni gradually aitsuide in succession On the basis of OBI form generally taken as originally 496 ‘open the mouth, yawn’, with two strokes for as phonetic with associated 309 事 JI, ZU, koto thing, matter, act L4 8 strokes DAIJI importance KŌZUKA dilettante dekigoto event OBI ; bronze . As Mizukami notes, the ‘old forms’ (meaning here OBI and bronze) for this graph are the same as those for 2074 and 303; the graph shapes are somewhat differentiated at the seal script stage. Karlgren adds one more graph, 523, to this group. 310 持 JI, motsu hold, have, maintain L4 9 strokes JIKYŪ endurance mochinushi owner nagamochi durability sense ‘stop’ (Katō, Mizukami, Ogawa), or ‘arrange’ (Mizukami), ‘follow after’ (Ogawa). (Ma, though, takes as showing fluid coming out of the mouth.) Katō feels yawning indicates taking turns to rest, adding to the idea of following in order. MS1995:v1:696-7; KJ1970:181-2; OT1968:531; MR2007:399. We suggest taking as the ‘ice radical’ (see 401). Mnemonic: YAWNING ON ICE! WHAT MIGHT FOLLOW NEXT? Generally interpreted as a hand holding up an element taken as both semantic and phonetic, to represent part of a tree with branches and a sign or banner attached. The meaning of the graph is work, with its type displayed on the sign; Katō takes the small mouth-shaped component above the hand as meaning ‘announce’ (the type of work). MS1995:v1:26-8, 214, 60-61; KJ1970:449-50; YK1976:230. We suggest 35 ‘ten’, hand, and box . Mnemonic: HAND HOLDING UP TEN BOXES IS A MEMORABLE THING Bronze ; seal . Has 34 ‘hand’, and 149 (‘temple’) as phonetic with associated senses such as ‘manage’ (Mizukami, Katō) or ‘use’ (Yamada). Thus ‘using the hands’, leading to a more general ‘take in hand’ and ‘hold’ (the latter including ‘hold out/ endure’). MS1995:v1:552-3; KJ1970:480; YK1976:231. Mnemonic: HOLD HANDS AT THE TEMPLE 120 The 200 Third Grade Characters

303<br />

L4<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

使<br />

SHI, tsukau<br />

use, servant<br />

8 strokes<br />

SHIYŌuse<br />

TAISHIambassador<br />

kozukaiservant, porter<br />

OBI , seal . OBI forms, showing a hand<br />

holding a writing brush are difficult to differentiate<br />

from those for 2074 ‘official’, 309<br />

(‘thing’, ‘act’), and 523 ‘scribe, history’.In early<br />

Chinese, two of the four underlying words (those<br />

represented by and ) were homophones.<br />

At seal stage, the graph emerged differentiated<br />

in shape from the other three, having 41<br />

‘person’, and 2074 as phonetic and semantic<br />

meaning ‘work’, giving ‘one who does (allocated)<br />

work’; sense then narrowed to ‘(an) official’.<br />

MS1995:v1:60-61, 26-8; BK1957:256; KJ1970:450;<br />

OT1968:59; AS2007:350, 465-6.<br />

Mnemonic: OFFICIAL PERSON USES SERVANT<br />

304<br />

L4<br />

始<br />

SHI, hajimeru/maru<br />

begin, first<br />

8 strokes<br />

SHIJŪ throughout<br />

SHIDŌKI starter motor<br />

hajimete for the first time<br />

The bronze forms and have 37 ‘woman’,<br />

together with elements corresponding to <br />

(not 183) or 443 respectively as the phonetic,<br />

both having similar pronunciation in early<br />

Chinese. The phonetic has an associated sense<br />

of ‘first daughter’, leading to a more generalised<br />

meaning of just ‘first’. MS1995:v1:320-21;<br />

KJ1970:14; OT1968:255; YK1976:220. We suggest<br />

taking as ‘nose’ and ‘mouth’ 22.<br />

Mnemonic: A WOMAN’S FACE BEGINS WITH A<br />

NOSE AND MOUTH<br />

305<br />

指<br />

SHI, yubi, sasu<br />

finger, point<br />

L3<br />

9 strokes<br />

SHIJIindication<br />

oyayubithumb<br />

sashiZUdirections<br />

A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 34 ‘hand’,<br />

and 1401 as phonetic. Though the modern<br />

meaning of is ‘good/tasty’, here it has an associated<br />

sense of ‘become divided up, separate’ – a<br />

reference to the fingers (Katō, Yamada) or ‘show,<br />

point to’ (Ogawa). KJ1970:466; YK1976:222;<br />

OT1968:412. We suggest taking (see 258) as a<br />

person sitting, and as ‘sun’ 66.<br />

Mnemonic: PERSON SITS POINTING WITH<br />

FINGER AT SUN<br />

306<br />

L3<br />

歯<br />

SHI, ha<br />

tooth, teeth<br />

12 strokes<br />

SHIKON dental root<br />

haISHA dentist<br />

haguruma toothed gear<br />

Traditional . OBI form depicts mouth,<br />

showing teeth. Bronze form has phonetic<br />

143 (‘stop’) added as top component, as in<br />

the modern graph, with associated sense ‘be<br />

lined up’ (Katō, Yamada), or ‘stay, stop’ (Mizukami,<br />

Tōdō). (Tōdō says sense is teeth ‘stay in<br />

one place’ while chewing). MS1995:v2:1526-7;<br />

KJ1970:469-70; YK1976:224; TA1965:69-71;<br />

MR2007:249. We suggest taking in its meaning<br />

‘stop’, as ‘rice’ 220, and the enclosure as a<br />

mouth.<br />

Mnemonic: TEETH ENSURE RICE STOPS IN<br />

MOUTH<br />

The 200 Third Grade Characters 119

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