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294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn, face, beyond L3 6 strokes KŌJŌimprovement mukōgawaopposite side maemukiforward-looking OBI shows a dwelling with a window, apparently north-facing. Mizukami, Ma and Yamada take ‘face toward’ or ‘direction’ as later meanings; Qiu explores this topic in detail. Katō 295 L3 幸 KŌ, saiwai, sachi, shiawase happiness, luck 8 strokes KŌUN good fortune FUKŌ misery, bad luck saiwainifortunately Seal . Late graph (Shuowen). Consists of i] , showing a figure with head bent down, meaning ‘delicate, beautiful’, but borrowed in early Chinese for similar-sounding word meaning ‘calamity’ (Mizukami), ‘premature death’ (Katō), with ii] 屰 ‘inverted’ (see 675) (Ogawa), ‘avoid’ sees the graph as specifically a high window facing north, but takes the core meaning to be the window itself, with the meaning of ‘facing’ resulting from being used as a substitute for a more complex NJK character (now meaning lord) relating to facing each other at the meal table. ‘Turn’ and ‘beyond’ are extended meanings. MS1995:v1:210-11; MR2007:369; YK1976:175; QX2000:217-8; KJ1985:102-3. Mnemonic: TURN TO THE HOUSE WITH THE HIGH WINDOW (Katō), giving overall sense ‘good fortune’. The graph elements show distortion in progression from seal to standard script, and Qiu notes that as part of the evolutionary process what was originally a separate graph in seal script for another word meaning ‘wooden handcuffs’ also ended up having the same shape in block script as . MS1995:v1:296-8; KJ1970:402-3; OT1968:323,300; AS2007:559-60; QX2000:190. We suggest using 1535 meaning ‘sharp/bitter’ as a mnemonic. Mnemonic: EXTRA SHARP STROKE BRINGS HAPPINESS AND LUCK 296 L3 港 KŌ, minato harbor, port 12 strokes KŪKŌairport NYŪKŌport entry minatomachiport town A late graph (Shuowen) . Has ‘water’ 42, and (NJK, ‘streets of settlement’) as semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘road, path’, giving water lane for boats, and by extension ‘harbour’. KJ1970:163; YK1976:184-5; OT1968:594. We suggest taking the upper-right element as 484 ‘together’, and the lower part as 866 ‘self’. Mnemonic: FIND ONESELF TOGETHER WITH WATER IN PORT 297 号 GŌ number, call, sign L3 5 strokes BANGŌnumber GŌREIcommand GŌKYŪwailing Late graph (Shuowen) . Traditional , which has 1301 ‘tiger’, with left-side (analyses differ): Ogawa takes as 22 ‘mouth’; ‘say’, with 丂 (‘floating waterweed’ 130 [Katō] or ‘curved knife’ [Shirakawa]) as phonetic with associated sense ‘howl, etc.’, while Yamada and Tōdō take as (with same sense). Either analysis yields overall sense ‘howl, roar like a tiger’. The abbreviated modern form has a more generalized sense range; ‘name, number’ are extended meanings.’YK1976:186-7; OT1968:161; TA1965:273-4; KJ1985:99. Mnemonic: LOUD RISING VOICE CALLS OUT A NUMBER The 200 Third Grade Characters 117

298 L3 根 KON, ne root, base 10 strokes KONPON basis DAIKON giant radish yane roof 299 祭 SAI, matsuri, matsuru festival, worship L3 11 strokes SAIJITSU holiday SAIDAN altar yukimatsuri Snow Festival OBI forms , . Bronze forms , . OBI forms are taken to show meat and wine being placed by hand on an altar (though such forms including ‘stand, altar’ are still uncom- 300 L3 皿 sara dish, bowl, plate 5 strokes haizara ashtray ōzara large dish saraarai dishwashing 301 L4 仕 SHI, JI, tsukaeru serve, work, do 5 strokes SHIgoto work SHIkata way, means SHIkumi arrangement Bronze form onwards has 41 ‘person’, and 521 (‘male’/ ‘samurai’) as phonetic with 302 死 SHI, shinu die, death L4 6 strokes SHITAI corpse SHIKYO death wakajini early death OBI ; seal . OBI left-hand shows skeletal remains (possibly occipital bone); right-hand (person) is phonetic with associated sense i] ‘flesh rots and drops to ground’, giving ‘corpse turns to bleached bones free of flesh’ (Katō), or A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 73 ‘tree, wood’, and (‘stop and stare’, see 281) as phonetic with associated sense ‘root, stem’. In Tōdō’s word-family ‘stay still’. Thus the root/stem of a tree. ‘Origin’ and similar meanings are derived. KJ1970:411; YK1976:191-2; TA1965:706-7; KJ1985:319. Mnemonic: STOP AND STARE AT TREE ROOT mon compared with bronze forms). Usage was extended to ‘ceremonies to invoke the deities’. Later forms appear to have excluded the wine, the reasons for this being unclear. MS1995:v2:948-50; SS1984:339; KJ1970:599; YK1976:198. KJ1985:446-7; We suggest taking the elements as ‘altar’/‘show’ 723 (see also 153),209 ‘meat’, and ‘hand’ . Mnemonic: HAND PUTS MEAT ON ALTAR IN FESTIVAL OF WORSHIP OBI forms , show deeply curved bowl on raised base. Later forms , show slightly more elaborate versions, probably being wrought in metal. MS1995:v2:900-02; QX2000: 179; MR2007:316; OT1968:690. Mnemonic: DISH WITH VERTICAL STRIPES associated sense either ‘work, serve’ (Katō, Yamada), or ‘stand’ (Tōdō, Mizukami). Work in ancient China was often done by slaves, but later by servants, and so ‘serve’. Meanings given by Schuessler include ‘take office, serve, retainer, knight’. KJ1970:452; YK1976:214; TA1965:104- 06; MS1995:v1:44-5 AS2007:465. Mnemonic: SAMURAI IS PERSON WHO WORKS AND SERVES ii] ‘divided up into small pieces’, giving ‘die and bones come apart’ (Tōdō). In ancient China a person was only seen as dead when the corpse became a clean skeleton after exposure to weather (Mizukami). By block script, left-hand changed to , and right-hand to 匕 . Modern form comprises , known as ‘meatless bones’ (cf ‘meaty bone’ 877), with ‘fallen person’ 匕 (see 258). KJ1970:466-7; SS1984:364; MS1995:v1:710-11; TA1965:762-4. Mnemonic: PERSON FALLS DEAD, SOON TO BE BARE BONES 118 The 200 Third Grade Characters

294<br />

向<br />

KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō<br />

turn, face, beyond<br />

L3<br />

6 strokes<br />

KŌJŌimprovement<br />

mukōgawaopposite side<br />

maemukiforward-looking<br />

OBI shows a dwelling with a window,<br />

apparently north-facing. Mizukami, Ma and<br />

Yamada take ‘face toward’ or ‘direction’ as later<br />

meanings; Qiu explores this topic in detail. Katō<br />

295<br />

L3<br />

幸<br />

KŌ, saiwai, sachi,<br />

shiawase<br />

happiness, luck<br />

8 strokes<br />

KŌUN good fortune<br />

FUKŌ misery, bad luck<br />

saiwainifortunately<br />

Seal . Late graph (Shuowen). Consists of i] ,<br />

showing a figure with head bent down, meaning<br />

‘delicate, beautiful’, but borrowed in early<br />

Chinese for similar-sounding word meaning<br />

‘calamity’ (Mizukami), ‘premature death’ (Katō),<br />

with ii] 屰 ‘inverted’ (see 675) (Ogawa), ‘avoid’<br />

sees the graph as specifically a high window<br />

facing north, but takes the core meaning to be<br />

the window itself, with the meaning of ‘facing’<br />

resulting from being used as a substitute for a<br />

more complex NJK character (now meaning<br />

lord) relating to facing each other at the meal<br />

table. ‘Turn’ and ‘beyond’ are extended meanings.<br />

MS1995:v1:210-11; MR2007:369; YK1976:175;<br />

QX2000:217-8; KJ1985:102-3.<br />

Mnemonic: TURN TO THE HOUSE WITH THE<br />

HIGH WINDOW<br />

(Katō), giving overall sense ‘good fortune’. The<br />

graph elements show distortion in progression<br />

from seal to standard script, and Qiu notes<br />

that as part of the evolutionary process what<br />

was originally a separate graph in seal script<br />

for another word meaning ‘wooden handcuffs’<br />

also ended up having the same shape in block<br />

script as . MS1995:v1:296-8; KJ1970:402-3;<br />

OT1968:323,300; AS2007:559-60; QX2000:190.<br />

We suggest using 1535 meaning ‘sharp/bitter’<br />

as a mnemonic.<br />

Mnemonic: EXTRA SHARP STROKE BRINGS<br />

HAPPINESS AND LUCK<br />

296<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

港<br />

KŌ, minato<br />

harbor, port<br />

12 strokes<br />

KŪKŌairport<br />

NYŪKŌport entry<br />

minatomachiport town<br />

A late graph (Shuowen) . Has ‘water’ 42,<br />

and (NJK, ‘streets of settlement’) as semantic<br />

and phonetic, meaning ‘road, path’, giving<br />

water lane for boats, and by extension ‘harbour’.<br />

KJ1970:163; YK1976:184-5; OT1968:594.<br />

We suggest taking the upper-right element<br />

as 484 ‘together’, and the lower part as <br />

866 ‘self’.<br />

Mnemonic: FIND ONESELF TOGETHER WITH<br />

WATER IN PORT<br />

297<br />

号<br />

GŌ<br />

number, call, sign<br />

L3<br />

5 strokes<br />

BANGŌnumber<br />

GŌREIcommand<br />

GŌKYŪwailing<br />

Late graph (Shuowen) . Traditional , which<br />

has 1301 ‘tiger’, with left-side (analyses<br />

differ): Ogawa takes as 22 ‘mouth’; ‘say’, with<br />

丂 (‘floating waterweed’ 130 [Katō] or ‘curved<br />

knife’ [Shirakawa]) as phonetic with associated<br />

sense ‘howl, etc.’, while Yamada and Tōdō<br />

take as (with same sense). Either analysis<br />

yields overall sense ‘howl, roar like a tiger’. The<br />

abbreviated modern form has a more generalized<br />

sense range; ‘name, number’ are extended<br />

meanings.’YK1976:186-7; OT1968:161;<br />

TA1965:273-4; KJ1985:99.<br />

Mnemonic: LOUD RISING VOICE CALLS OUT<br />

A NUMBER<br />

The 200 Third Grade Characters 117

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