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258
L3
HENKAchange
KESHŌmake-up
bakemono‘spook’
Traditional 化 . OBI form depicts ‘person’
41 (‘standing’), with element ( 匕 in
259
L4
化
荷
KA, KE, bakeru/kasu
change, bewitch
4 strokes
KA, ni
load, burden
10 strokes
SHUKKAconsignment
funaniship’s cargo
niMOTSUluggage
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 53 ‘plant,
vegetation’, and 86 (‘what?’) as phonetic,
Japanese) for person fallen down – indicating
change of state – acting as phonetic with
associated sense range ‘become different,
imitate, false’. The graph is in Tōdō’s word-family
meaning ‘change shape’. MS1995:v1:54-5;
KJ1970:305-06; YK1976:77; TA1965:607-09.
Mnemonic: STANDING MAN IS BEWITCHED
AND FALLS DOWN CHANGED
original meaning ‘lotus plant’. Early Chinese
word for ‘carry on shoulder/back’ was originally
written , but when came to be used for
a near-homophone meaning ‘who?’, ‘what?’,
was borrowed for ‘carry’. AS2007:273,275;
YK1976:83; TA1965:583-6.
Mnemonic: WHAT PLANTS ARE IN THAT
LOAD?
260
界
KAI
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 63 ‘field’, and
area, boundary
1094 (modern meaning ‘come between’)
L4
9 strokes
here as phonetic with associated sense ‘divide’,
giving original meaning ‘divide up fields’. In
SEKAIworld
Tōdō’s word-family meaning ‘divide in two;
KYŌKAIboundary
interval, gap’. KJ1970:143; YK1976:90;
SEIKAIworld of politics
TA1965:601-05.
Mnemonic: DIVIDE FIELDS INTO AREAS WITH
BOUNDARIES
261
開
KAI, hiraku, akeru A relatively late graph (Shuowen) . Has 231
open
‘gate’, and an inner element taken i] as
L4
12 strokes
‘face, oppose’ (the two leaves of opened gate
facing each other) (Yamada, Katō), or ii] two
KAIHATSUdevelopment
hands reaching out to remove the crossbar
KAISHIinception
(Shirakawa, Ogawa). YK1976:91; KJ1970:143;
hirakizunarip-cord
SS1984:92-3; OT1968:1057.
Mnemonic: HANDS REMOVE BAR AND OPEN
GATE
262
階
KAI
and 1099 (modern meaning ‘all, everyone’)
storey, grade, step as phonetic with associated sense ‘be lined
L3
12 strokes
up’, or ‘be in unison’. KJ1970:152; YK1976:91;
OT1968:1072. Note that the determinative
KAIDANstairs
can also occur as a right-hand element, with
NIKAIupstairs
different etymology and meaning; see 376
KAIKYŪclass, grade
and 1907 for further discussion.
Late graph (Shuowen) . Has determinative Mnemonic: ALL THE MOUNDS SHOULD HAVE
‘piled-up earth, mound’ (short form of 1907), STEPS LINED UP
The 200 Third Grade Characters 109