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224 L5 北 HOKU, kita north, flee 5 strokes TŌHOKUnortheast HAIBOKUdefeat kitakazenorth wind OBI is based on pictograph of two people back-to-back in profile. ‘Turn back on, retreat’ is taken as primary meaning by Ma and Mizu- kami. ‘North’ is loan usage (Schuessler notes the two words were homophones in early Chinese), while (less likely) Mizukami treats as extended sense on basis that houses in ancient China were built facing south, so the backs of occupants faced north. MR2007:389; MS1995:v1:156-7; AS2007:246; KJ1970:960. Mnemonic: PEOPLE FLEE, TURNING THEIR BACKS ON THE NORTH 225 L5 毎 MAI, -goto each, every 6 strokes MAINICHIevery day MAIDOeach time higotodaily Traditional ; OBI . OBI views divided, taking the graph as depicting either a mother with hairpin (Ma, Ogawa), or plant, with 222 (‘mother’) as phonetic, with associated sense ‘abundant’ (Katō, Yamada, Tōdō); the latter seems the more persuasive. The meaning of ‘each, every’ is borrowed usage. MR2007:220; OT1968:548; KJ1970:756; YK1976:461; TA1965:166-8. Suggest taking elements as ‘person’ / 41 and ‘mother’ . Mnemonic: EACH AND EVERY PERSON HAS A MOTHER 226 L4 妹 MAI, imōto younger sister 8 strokes SHIMAIsisters imōtoBUNsworn sister REIMAIyour younger sister Semantic-phonetic compound found in OBI texts onwards . Has 37 ‘woman’, and 617 (‘immature’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘continuation’ (Katō, Yamada) or ‘small’ (Ogawa, Tōdō). KJ1970:868-9; YK1976:461; OT1968:256; TA1965:732-6. Mnemonic: YOUNGER SISTER IS AN IMMA- TURE WOMAN 227 L5 万 MAN, BAN, yorozu ten thousand, myriad 3 strokes GOMANfifty thousand BANJIall things yorozuyageneral dealer Formerly . OBI form is based on pictograph of a scorpion. Already in OBI was used as a loan to indicate a number (‘ten thousand/ large number’), and so, according to Qiu, another graph was then devised for ‘scorpion’, comprising and 60 ‘insect’. Traditionally (at least from the time of the early 11th century Guangyun dictionary) was seen as being a popular or vulgar equivalent for , but according to Katō, this is a loan use of , originally a separate graph (pictograph of type of aquatic plant), for ‘ten thousand’. MS1995:v2:1124-6; MR2007:512; QX2000:177; KJ1970:299-300,812; KZ2009:v1:2. We suggest taking as a ‘headless’ version of 223 in one of its meanings, ‘person’. Mnemonic: TEN THOUSAND HEADLESS PERSONS The 160 Second Grade Characters 101

228 L4 明 MEI, MYŌ, akarui, akari/keru/kasu clear, open, bright 8 strokes MEIHAKUclarity MYŌNICHItomorrow akegataday-break Occurs in two forms in OBI: a) and b) : a) – the dominant line of development – corresponding to 66 ‘sun’ and 18 ‘moon’, as in modern Japanese and Chinese script; b) made of ‘moon’ and an element which is taken either as ‘window’ (Qiu, Karlgren) or ‘light, bright’ (Katō, Yamada). QX2000:83, 192; BK1957:201; KJ1970:838; YK1976:468. Mnemonic: SUN AND MOON TOGETHER MAKE IT CLEAR AND BRIGHT 229 L3 鳴 MEI, naku/ru non-human sound 14 strokes MEIDŌrumbling nakigoeanimal cry narimonomusical instrument The modern graph has ‘mouth’ 22 and ‘bird’ 190, but based on OBI and bronze forms Katō takes the bird to be a cock. KJ1970:839; MR2007:297; OT1968:1150. Mnemonic: SOUNDS FROM A BIRD’S MOUTH ARE NOT HUMAN 230 L3 毛 MŌ, ke hair, fur 4 strokes YŌMŌwool kegawafur kemushicaterpillar Bronze forms such as show the graph is based on a tuft of fur or hair. SS1984:822; OT1968:549; YK1976:471. Mnemonic: FOUR STROKES FOR A TUFT OF HAIR 231 L4 門 MON, kado gate, door 8 strokes SEIMONmain gate MONBANdoorman kadodedeparture Based on pictograph of a closed double gate or door; OBI form . MR2007:457; SS1984:824-5; OT1968:1055. Mnemonic: A DOUBLE-DOORED GATE 232 夜 YA, yo, yoru night L4 8 strokes YAKŌSEInocturnal yoakedawn yoruhirunight and day Bronze form has 46 ‘moon’ (later ‘evening’), and the NJK (‘again’) as phonetic (associated sense disputed). Tōdō includes in a word-family meaning ‘alternating shape or pattern’, in this case night and day. KJ1970:89; YK1976:473; TA1965:332-6. We suggest taking as a top-hat, ‘person’ 41, ‘moon’ , and an extra stroke. Mnemonic: PERSON PUTS TOP HAT ON AT NIGHT TO AVOID MOON-STROKE 102 The 160 Second Grade Characters

228<br />

L4<br />

明<br />

MEI, MYŌ, akarui,<br />

akari/keru/kasu<br />

clear, open, bright<br />

8 strokes<br />

MEIHAKUclarity<br />

MYŌNICHItomorrow<br />

akegataday-break<br />

Occurs in two forms in OBI: a) and b) :<br />

a) – the dominant line of development – corresponding<br />

to 66 ‘sun’ and 18 ‘moon’, as in<br />

modern Japanese and Chinese script; b) made<br />

of ‘moon’ and an element which is taken either<br />

as ‘window’ (Qiu, Karlgren) or ‘light, bright’<br />

(Katō, Yamada). QX2000:83, 192; BK1957:201;<br />

KJ1970:838; YK1976:468.<br />

Mnemonic: SUN AND MOON TOGETHER<br />

MAKE IT CLEAR AND BRIGHT<br />

229<br />

L3<br />

鳴<br />

MEI, naku/ru<br />

non-human sound<br />

14 strokes<br />

MEIDŌrumbling<br />

nakigoeanimal cry<br />

narimonomusical instrument<br />

The modern graph has ‘mouth’ 22 and ‘bird’<br />

190, but based on OBI and bronze forms<br />

Katō takes the bird to be a cock. KJ1970:839;<br />

MR2007:297; OT1968:1150.<br />

Mnemonic: SOUNDS FROM A BIRD’S MOUTH<br />

ARE NOT HUMAN<br />

230<br />

L3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

毛<br />

MŌ, ke<br />

hair, fur<br />

4 strokes<br />

YŌMŌwool<br />

kegawafur<br />

kemushicaterpillar<br />

Bronze forms such as show the graph is<br />

based on a tuft of fur or hair. SS1984:822;<br />

OT1968:549; YK1976:471.<br />

Mnemonic: FOUR STROKES FOR A TUFT OF<br />

HAIR<br />

231<br />

L4<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

門<br />

MON, kado<br />

gate, door<br />

8 strokes<br />

SEIMONmain gate<br />

MONBANdoorman<br />

kadodedeparture<br />

Based on pictograph of a closed double gate or<br />

door; OBI form . MR2007:457; SS1984:824-5;<br />

OT1968:1055.<br />

Mnemonic: A DOUBLE-DOORED GATE<br />

232<br />

夜<br />

YA, yo, yoru<br />

night<br />

L4<br />

8 strokes<br />

YAKŌSEInocturnal<br />

yoakedawn<br />

yoruhirunight and day<br />

Bronze form has 46 ‘moon’ (later ‘evening’),<br />

and the NJK (‘again’) as phonetic<br />

(associated sense disputed). Tōdō includes in<br />

a word-family meaning ‘alternating shape or<br />

pattern’, in this case night and day. KJ1970:89;<br />

YK1976:473; TA1965:332-6. We suggest taking<br />

as a top-hat, ‘person’ 41, ‘moon’ , and<br />

an extra stroke.<br />

Mnemonic: PERSON PUTS TOP HAT ON AT<br />

NIGHT TO AVOID MOON-STROKE<br />

102 The 160 Second Grade Characters

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