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215 L3 番 BAN number, guard, turn (in sequence) 12 strokes JUNBANorder, turn BANNINwatchman ICHIBANnumber one Bronze ; generally taken as 63 ‘field’, with as both phonetic and semantic element, meaning ‘hand holding/scattering seed’. Tōdō, while noting the Shuowen analysis (favored by Shirakawa), which – based on the seal form – interprets as ‘claws of a beast’ and as ‘paw underpad’, includes the underlying word for this graph in a word-family meaning ‘spread out’, with particular sense ‘scatter seed’. The meanings ‘turn; number; guard’ represent loan usage. MS1995:v2:882-3; KJ1970:780; YK1976:420; TA1965:654-6; SS1984:706. We suggest taking the upper element as ‘rice plant’ 220 with an extra leaf. Mnemonic: GUARD NUMBERS OF EX- TRA-LEAVED RICE-PLANTS IN FIELD 216 L5 父 FU, chichi father 4 strokes FUBOparents otōsama*Father chichioyafather OBI . Commentators agree this depicts a hand holding a stone ax. Use in the sense ‘father/ male relative of father’s generation’ represents a loan usage. MS1995:v2:820-22; KJ1970:824-5; YK1976:431-2; MR2007:267; AS2007:243. Mnemonic: FATHER IS CROSS ABOUT TWO LITTLE THINGS 217 L5 風 FŪ, FU, kaze wind, style 9 strokes FŪSENballoon kamikazedivine wind WAFŪJapanese-style Some variation in OBI forms (e.g. , ), but generally taken to show a phoenix or other large bird (modern ), often with a phonetic element corresponding to modern 1993. Fierce winds, including typhoons, were perceived in ancient times as a harmful bird bringing danger, so already at the OBI stage this ‘bird graph’ was adopted as a loan for strong winds, and winds in general. In seal script, ‘bird’ was replaced by ‘insect, reptile’ 60, another harmful entity, as in the modern graph. The phonetic element may be onomatopoeic for the sound of a typhoon (Mizukami), or have an associated meaning ‘big’ (Yamada), or ‘shake’ (Tōdō). MS1995:v2:1452-3,1496-7; YK1976:435- 6; TA1965:825-9. Mnemonic: STYLISH INSECT GETS BLOWN BY THE WIND 218 L5 分 BUN, FUN, BU, wakaru/keru/katsu divide, minute, understand 4 strokes BUNSHImolecule IPPUNone minute wakariunderstanding Has 198 ‘knife/cut’, and 70 ‘divide’, the latter as both semantic and phonetic, meaning ‘cut in two’; a member of Tōdō’s word-family ‘cut in two’. MS1995:v1:124-5; KJ1970:256; TA1965:726-9. Mnemonic: UNDERSTAND THAT ONE CAN DIVIDE BY CUTTING IN TWO The 160 Second Grade Characters 99

219 L5 聞 BUN, MON, kiku/koeru hear, ask, listen 14 strokes SHINBUNnewspaper CHŌMONa hearing kikichigaimishearing OBI has ‘person’ with hand to exaggeratedly large ‘ear’: parallel formational construction is found with 20 ‘see’. Bronze script then shows some variation, and seal script becomes standardized as 31 ‘ear’ with 231 (‘door’/ ‘gate’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘distinguish’. The other meaning ‘ask’ (a word with slightly different pronunciation from ‘hear’ in early Chinese) might represent a loan usage. MS1995:v2:1060-61; KJ1970:834-5; YK1976:442; MR2007:459; AS2007:514. Mnemonic: AN EAR AT THE DOOR MEANS SOMEONE IS LISTENING 220 米 BEI, MAI, kome rice, America L3 6 strokes BEIKAprice of rice BEIKOKUAmerica HAKUMAIwhite rice OBI , based on pictograph of ears of grain. Katō takes the horizontal line as chaff. The graph now stands for ‘rice’, but disputed whether originally rice grains were represented, or millet. The sense ‘America’ is based on an old on reading ME, formerly used to write AMERIKA. KJ1970:840-41; YK1976:444-5; SS1984:765-6. Mnemonic: GRAIN-LADEN AMERICAN RICE PLANTS 221 歩 HO, BU, aruku, ayumu walk, rate L4 8 strokes SHINPOprogress BUairatio arukidasustart walking Traditional form is . The most complete OBI graph has ‘crossroads’ with ‘left foot’ and ‘right foot’, to represent ‘walk’. KJ1970:156; MS1995:v1:703-4; YK1976:449. We suggest taking the modern graph as ‘foot/stop’ 143 (q.v.) and ‘few’ 160. Mnemonic: FOOT STOPS AFTER JUST A FEW PACES OF WALKING 222 母 BO, haha mother L5 5 strokes BOSEImaternity okāsama*Mother hahaoyamother OBI forms onwards are based on pictograph of woman 37 with exaggerated breasts and nipples. KJ1970:859; YK1976:451; SS1984:780-81. Mnemonic: A MOTHER IS A WOMAN WITH PROMINENT NIPPLES 223 L4 方 4 HŌ, kata side, way, person, direction, square strokes HŌGAKUdirection oyakataboss mikataway of looking The OBI form appears generally to be taken as based on a pictograph of a plowshare. All modern meanings are loan usages. MR2007:395-6; KJ1970:762-3; YK1976:452. Mnemonic: PLOW OFF TO ONE SIDE – THAT’S THE DIRECTION 100 The 160 Second Grade Characters

219<br />

L5<br />

聞<br />

BUN, MON, kiku/koeru<br />

hear, ask, listen<br />

14 strokes<br />

SHINBUNnewspaper<br />

CHŌMONa hearing<br />

kikichigaimishearing<br />

OBI has ‘person’ with hand to exaggeratedly<br />

large ‘ear’: parallel formational construction<br />

is found with 20 ‘see’. Bronze script then<br />

shows some variation, and seal script becomes<br />

standardized as 31 ‘ear’ with 231 (‘door’/<br />

‘gate’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘distinguish’.<br />

The other meaning ‘ask’ (a word with<br />

slightly different pronunciation from ‘hear’ in<br />

early Chinese) might represent a loan usage.<br />

MS1995:v2:1060-61; KJ1970:834-5; YK1976:442;<br />

MR2007:459; AS2007:514.<br />

Mnemonic: AN EAR AT THE DOOR MEANS<br />

SOMEONE IS LISTENING<br />

220<br />

米<br />

BEI, MAI, kome<br />

rice, America<br />

L3<br />

6 strokes<br />

BEIKAprice of rice<br />

BEIKOKUAmerica<br />

HAKUMAIwhite rice<br />

OBI , based on pictograph of ears of grain.<br />

Katō takes the horizontal line as chaff. The<br />

graph now stands for ‘rice’, but disputed whether<br />

originally rice grains were represented, or<br />

millet. The sense ‘America’ is based on an old<br />

on reading ME, formerly used to write <br />

AMERIKA. KJ1970:840-41; YK1976:444-5;<br />

SS1984:765-6.<br />

Mnemonic: GRAIN-LADEN AMERICAN RICE<br />

PLANTS<br />

221<br />

歩<br />

HO, BU, aruku, ayumu<br />

walk, rate<br />

L4<br />

8 strokes<br />

SHINPOprogress<br />

BUairatio<br />

arukidasustart walking<br />

Traditional form is . The most complete OBI<br />

graph has ‘crossroads’ with ‘left foot’ and<br />

‘right foot’, to represent ‘walk’. KJ1970:156;<br />

MS1995:v1:703-4; YK1976:449. We suggest taking<br />

the modern graph as ‘foot/stop’ 143 (q.v.)<br />

and ‘few’ 160.<br />

Mnemonic: FOOT STOPS AFTER JUST A FEW<br />

PACES OF WALKING<br />

222<br />

母<br />

BO, haha<br />

mother<br />

L5<br />

5 strokes<br />

BOSEImaternity<br />

okāsama*Mother<br />

hahaoyamother<br />

OBI forms onwards are based on pictograph<br />

of woman 37 with exaggerated<br />

breasts and nipples. KJ1970:859; YK1976:451;<br />

SS1984:780-81.<br />

Mnemonic: A MOTHER IS A WOMAN WITH<br />

PROMINENT NIPPLES<br />

223<br />

L4<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

方<br />

4<br />

HŌ, kata<br />

side, way, person,<br />

direction, square<br />

strokes<br />

HŌGAKUdirection<br />

oyakataboss<br />

mikataway of looking<br />

The OBI form appears generally to be<br />

taken as based on a pictograph of a plowshare.<br />

All modern meanings are loan usages.<br />

MR2007:395-6; KJ1970:762-3; YK1976:452.<br />

Mnemonic: PLOW OFF TO ONE SIDE – THAT’S<br />

THE DIRECTION<br />

100 The 160 Second Grade Characters

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