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CONTENTS Preface Summary Acknowledgments Chapter One THE ADVENT OF NETWAR (REVISITED) John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt Part I: Violence-Prone Netwars Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERROR IN THE INFORMATION AGE Michele Zanini and Sean J.A. Edwards Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL NETWORKS Phil Williams Chapter Four GANGS, HOOLIGANS, AND ANARCHISTS—THE VANGUARD OF NETWAR IN THE STREETS John P. Sullivan Part II: Social Netwars Chapter Five NETWORKING DISSENT: CYBER ACTIVISTS USE THE INTERNET TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY IN BURMA Tiffany Danitz and Warren P. Strobel Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE OF THE ZAPATISTA SOCIAL NETWAR David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla Chapter Seven NETWAR IN THE EMERALD CITY: WTO PROTEST STRATEGY AND TACTICS Paul de Armond Part III: Once and Future Netwars
Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM, AND CYBERTERRORISM: THE INTERNET AS A TOOL FOR INFLUENCING FOREIGN POLICY Dorothy E. Denning Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM AND ITS OPPONENTS Luther P. Gerlach Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS AND NETWARS? David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHARPENING FIGHT FOR THE FUTURE John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt Contributors About the Editors
Page 3 and 4: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
Page 5 and 6: To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
Page 7: Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
Page 11 and 12: must continue to keep an eye on the
Page 13 and 14: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
Page 15 and 16: as a looming mode of military confl
Page 17 and 18: With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
Page 19 and 20: of any node included in it, may be
Page 21 and 22: more about technology than organiza
Page 23 and 24: charged with taking care of specifi
Page 25 and 26: The limits on some successes and th
Page 27 and 28: the rise of netwar should prompt a
Page 29 and 30: Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
Page 31 and 32: 9 This is just a short exemplary st
Page 33 and 34: Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
Page 35 and 36: The Emergence of Networked Terroris
Page 37 and 38: integration of communication and co
Page 39 and 40: technologies such as encryption all
Page 41 and 42: (Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
Page 43 and 44: terrorists who rely on the Internet
Page 45 and 46: Future Developments in Information-
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
Page 49 and 50: hire,” and the availability of ef
Page 51 and 52: www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
Page 53 and 54: Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
Page 55 and 56: Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
Page 57 and 58: Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
Page 59 and 60:
policymakers concerned with develop
Page 61 and 62:
there are relatively strong, direct
Page 63 and 64:
Other networks will have a more end
Page 65 and 66:
network a capacity to operate with
Page 67 and 68:
deals. The importance of these netw
Page 69 and 70:
The specific connections that facil
Page 71 and 72:
superiority—the equivalent of an
Page 73 and 74:
was a fascinating mix. It included
Page 75 and 76:
elationships between the Christian
Page 77 and 78:
organizations have hierarchical str
Page 79 and 80:
example, in identifying some of the
Page 81 and 82:
provide an important value-added ap
Page 83 and 84:
Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
Page 85 and 86:
changes benefit from these new tech
Page 87 and 88:
outside of the realm of true terror
Page 89 and 90:
hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
Page 91 and 92:
millennialist cults and such transn
Page 93 and 94:
For the most part, these gangs are
Page 95 and 96:
attling gangs in Cape Town and the
Page 97 and 98:
Colombian cartels, and the imprison
Page 99 and 100:
unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
Page 101 and 102:
esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
Page 103 and 104:
23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
Page 105 and 106:
Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
Page 107 and 108:
Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
Page 109 and 110:
Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
Page 111 and 112:
years and fines of up to $5,000 for
Page 113 and 114:
Massachusetts. The “selective pur
Page 115 and 116:
central in using electronic communi
Page 117 and 118:
THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
Page 119 and 120:
Students at Harvard tapped into the
Page 121 and 122:
eleased a list of their suppliers f
Page 123 and 124:
Simons was in his high school Amnes
Page 125 and 126:
Case studies and an Internet activi
Page 127 and 128:
when a campaign scores successes. T
Page 129 and 130:
transmit, almost in real-time, debr
Page 131 and 132:
warning was made virtually unanimou
Page 133 and 134:
7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
Page 135 and 136:
investment, the standard of living
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
Page 139 and 140:
hierarchical layer—at least initi
Page 141 and 142:
Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
Page 143 and 144:
Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
Page 145 and 146:
Acting in tandem with these organiz
Page 147 and 148:
only to the conflict in Chiapas but
Page 149 and 150:
comment outside as well as inside M
Page 151 and 152:
and political ideals and similar co
Page 153 and 154:
Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Ef
Page 155 and 156:
Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
Page 157 and 158:
The success of that networking was
Page 159 and 160:
outlining their strategies and tact
Page 161 and 162:
conference, rather than the success
Page 163 and 164:
vandalism and nearly all of the loo
Page 165 and 166:
direct transmissions from roving in
Page 167 and 168:
Network planned to shut down the WT
Page 169 and 170:
gas was an attempt to expand and re
Page 171 and 172:
Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
Page 173 and 174:
The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
Page 175 and 176:
of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
Page 177 and 178:
for the four hours that President C
Page 179 and 180:
Around midnight, the disorder had d
Page 181 and 182:
vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
Page 183 and 184:
summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 187 and 188:
The following sections discuss and
Page 189 and 190:
including Western news sites. In Ap
Page 191 and 192:
devastation, the latter caused not
Page 193 and 194:
Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
Page 195 and 196:
open.” On the downside, some post
Page 197 and 198:
independence, sustained air strikes
Page 199 and 200:
about an esoteric bank regulation,
Page 201 and 202:
generate so much traffic against th
Page 203 and 204:
actions to defend against an attack
Page 205 and 206:
on three continents. Chris Ellison,
Page 207 and 208:
purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
Page 209 and 210:
eported intrusions from outsiders.
Page 211 and 212:
In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
Page 213 and 214:
Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
Page 215 and 216:
policymakers. It supports both open
Page 217 and 218:
37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
Page 219 and 220:
89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
Page 223 and 224:
enough expert agreement to support
Page 225 and 226:
While the press often picks out an
Page 227 and 228:
It is not only those famed as evang
Page 229 and 230:
and united counteraction by the “
Page 231 and 232:
ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
Page 233 and 234:
pass a bill to establish the Bounda
Page 235 and 236:
Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
Page 239 and 240:
and “have-nots” portends a new
Page 241 and 242:
Classic studies concern topics like
Page 243 and 244:
still do) as to precisely what is a
Page 245 and 246:
also characterize some sprawling te
Page 247 and 248:
speed. It shows that such a partner
Page 249 and 250:
and social scenes of Medellin and C
Page 251 and 252:
depend on the existence of shared p
Page 253 and 254:
gas and clubs, another would move i
Page 255 and 256:
from other interesting cases of net
Page 257 and 258:
THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
Page 259 and 260:
But today’s concept of globalizat
Page 261 and 262:
Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
Page 263 and 264:
world today, we see little sustaine
Page 265 and 266:
Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
Page 267 and 268:
Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
Page 269 and 270:
Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
Page 271 and 272:
22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
Page 273 and 274:
02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
Page 275 and 276:
AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
Page 277 and 278:
was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
Page 279 and 280:
Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
Page 281 and 282:
CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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