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punishment of people who publish child pornography on the Internet (see www.ehap.org). The government could take the lead in mobilizing existing ethical hackers in the private sector to help in times of crisis. This would be different from deliberately organizing a virtual militia composed of relatively unsophisticated citizens armed with off-the-shelf hacking tools—something the Israeli government has experimented with during the al-Aqsa Intifadah. Given this option’s potential to become a double-edged sword—as well as lack of information on its efficacy—more research on this topic is warranted.
Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL NETWORKS 1 Phil Williams Editors’ abstract. Many old-style criminal hierarchies (e.g., the Italian Mafia) are reorganizing into sprawling transnational networks. Williams (University of Pittsburgh) analyzes this trend, with an emphasis on developments unfolding in Russian criminal organizations. He draws on the academic literatures about social and business networks to deepen our understanding of this phenomenon. The chapter builds upon earlier articles in which he pioneered the study of transnational criminal organizations from network perspectives, notably “The Nature of Drug- Trafficking Networks,” Current History, April 1998. In a recent analysis of global trends, the U.S. National Intelligence Council included a short section on criminal organizations and networks. It noted that criminal organizations and networks based in North America, Western Europe, China, Colombia, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, and Russia will expand the scale and scope of their activities. They will form loose alliances with one another, with smaller criminal entrepreneurs, and with insurgent movements for specific operations. They will corrupt leaders of unstable, economically fragile, or failing states, insinuate themselves into troubled banks and businesses, and cooperate with insurgent political movements to control substantial geographic areas. 2 In other words, there is a growing recognition that organized crime is increasingly operating through fluid network structures rather than more-formal hierarchies. However, the traditional paradigm for studying organized crime emphasized identifying the hierarchical or pyramidal structures of criminal organizations. Finding its fullest expression in the 1967 report on organized crime by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice and in Donald Cressey’s famous analysis in Theft of the Nation, this interpretation of organized crime was based on the example provided by La Cosa Nostra in the United States. It emphasized the existence of a “nationwide illicit cartel and confederation,” the governing role of a national commission, hierarchical structure, and the clear division of labor between local branches. 3 Cressey’s analysis, though, provoked several pioneering studies that challenged the mainstream interpretation of organized crime as having a rational corporate structure, arguing not only that organized crime was much more fluid than portrayed by the conventional wisdom, but also that patron-client relations and network structures played a pivotal role. Francis Ianni looked at the role of African American and Puerto Rican criminal networks in New York, while Joseph Albini contended that even Italian organized crime in the United States could best be understood through patron-client
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The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
Page 5 and 6: To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
Page 7 and 8: Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
Page 9 and 10: Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 11 and 12: must continue to keep an eye on the
Page 13 and 14: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
Page 15 and 16: as a looming mode of military confl
Page 17 and 18: With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
Page 19 and 20: of any node included in it, may be
Page 21 and 22: more about technology than organiza
Page 23 and 24: charged with taking care of specifi
Page 25 and 26: The limits on some successes and th
Page 27 and 28: the rise of netwar should prompt a
Page 29 and 30: Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
Page 31 and 32: 9 This is just a short exemplary st
Page 33 and 34: Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
Page 35 and 36: The Emergence of Networked Terroris
Page 37 and 38: integration of communication and co
Page 39 and 40: technologies such as encryption all
Page 41 and 42: (Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
Page 43 and 44: terrorists who rely on the Internet
Page 45 and 46: Future Developments in Information-
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
Page 49 and 50: hire,” and the availability of ef
Page 51 and 52: www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
Page 53 and 54: Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
Page 55: Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
Page 59 and 60: policymakers concerned with develop
Page 61 and 62: there are relatively strong, direct
Page 63 and 64: Other networks will have a more end
Page 65 and 66: network a capacity to operate with
Page 67 and 68: deals. The importance of these netw
Page 69 and 70: The specific connections that facil
Page 71 and 72: superiority—the equivalent of an
Page 73 and 74: was a fascinating mix. It included
Page 75 and 76: elationships between the Christian
Page 77 and 78: organizations have hierarchical str
Page 79 and 80: example, in identifying some of the
Page 81 and 82: provide an important value-added ap
Page 83 and 84: Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
Page 85 and 86: changes benefit from these new tech
Page 87 and 88: outside of the realm of true terror
Page 89 and 90: hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
Page 91 and 92: millennialist cults and such transn
Page 93 and 94: For the most part, these gangs are
Page 95 and 96: attling gangs in Cape Town and the
Page 97 and 98: Colombian cartels, and the imprison
Page 99 and 100: unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
Page 101 and 102: esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
Page 103 and 104: 23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
Page 105 and 106: Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
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Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
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Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
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years and fines of up to $5,000 for
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Massachusetts. The “selective pur
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central in using electronic communi
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THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
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Students at Harvard tapped into the
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eleased a list of their suppliers f
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Simons was in his high school Amnes
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Case studies and an Internet activi
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when a campaign scores successes. T
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transmit, almost in real-time, debr
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warning was made virtually unanimou
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7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
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investment, the standard of living
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Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
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hierarchical layer—at least initi
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Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
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Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
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Acting in tandem with these organiz
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only to the conflict in Chiapas but
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comment outside as well as inside M
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and political ideals and similar co
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Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Ef
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Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
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The success of that networking was
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outlining their strategies and tact
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conference, rather than the success
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vandalism and nearly all of the loo
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direct transmissions from roving in
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Network planned to shut down the WT
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gas was an attempt to expand and re
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Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
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The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
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of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
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for the four hours that President C
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Around midnight, the disorder had d
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vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
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summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
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Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
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The following sections discuss and
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including Western news sites. In Ap
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devastation, the latter caused not
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Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
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open.” On the downside, some post
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independence, sustained air strikes
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about an esoteric bank regulation,
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generate so much traffic against th
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actions to defend against an attack
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on three continents. Chris Ellison,
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purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
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eported intrusions from outsiders.
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In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
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Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
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policymakers. It supports both open
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37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
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89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
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Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
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enough expert agreement to support
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While the press often picks out an
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It is not only those famed as evang
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and united counteraction by the “
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ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
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pass a bill to establish the Bounda
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Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
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Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
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and “have-nots” portends a new
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Classic studies concern topics like
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still do) as to precisely what is a
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also characterize some sprawling te
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speed. It shows that such a partner
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and social scenes of Medellin and C
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depend on the existence of shared p
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gas and clubs, another would move i
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from other interesting cases of net
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THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
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But today’s concept of globalizat
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Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
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world today, we see little sustaine
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Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
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Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
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Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
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22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
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02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
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AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
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was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
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Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
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CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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