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della Sera, December 5, 1996b, p. 9, FBIS-TOT-97-004-L. FBIS, “Trial of 19 Hizbullah Members Begins in Istanbul,” June 2000, FBIS-WEU-2000- 0612. Heydebrand, Wolf V., “New Organizational Forms,” Work and Occupations, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 1989, pp. 323–357. Hoffman, Bruce, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Hoffman, Bruce, Olivier Roy, and Daniel Benjamin, “America and the New Terrorism: An Exchange,” Survival, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000. Hopper, D. Ian, “Kashmir Conflict Continues to Escalate—Online,” CNN, March 20, 2000, www.cnn.com (September 5, 2000). Iuris, Andre Pienaar, “Information Terrorism,” in Amelia Humphreys, ed., Terrorism: A Global Survey: A Special Report for Jane’s Intelligence Review and Jane’s Sentinel, Alexandria, Va.: Jane’s Information Group, 1997. Jackson, Brian, unpublished <strong>RAND</strong> research on technology acquisition by terrorist groups. Kelley, Jack, “U.S. Acquires Reputed Terrorism Guide,” USA Today, September 18, 2000. Kitfield, James, “Covert Counterattack,” National Journal, September 16, 2000. Koch, Andrew, “Space Imaging Gets .5m Go Ahead,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, January 10, 2001. Kurlantzick, Joshua, “Muslim Separatists in Global Network of Terrorist Groups,” Washington Times, May 2, 2000. Kushner, H. W., Terrorism in America: A Structured Approach to Understanding the Terrorist Threat, Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1998. Laqueur, Walter, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Lemos, Robert, “Hacktivism: Mideast Cyberwar Heats Up,” ZDNet News, November 6, 2000, www.zdnet.com (December 4, 2000). Lesser, Ian O., Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini, and Brian Jenkins, Countering the New Terrorism, Santa Monica, Calif.: <strong>RAND</strong>, MR-989-AF, 1999. McKay, Niall, “Do Terrorists Troll the Net?” Wired News, November 1998, www.wired.com (September 15, 2000). Monge, Peter, and Janet Fulk, “Communication Technology for Global Network Organizations,” in Gerardine Desanctis and Janet Fulk, eds., Shaping Organizational Form: Communication, Connection, and Community, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1999. Nacos, Brigitte, Terrorism and the Media, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, eds., Networks and Organizations, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 1992. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1999, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State, Publication #10687, 2000. Ranstorp, Magnus, “Hizbollah’s Command Leadership: Its Structure, Decision-Making and Relationship with Iranian Clergy and Institutions,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 6, No. 3, Autumn 1994. Reeve, Simon, The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism, Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1999. Simon, Steven, and Daniel Benjamin, “America and the New Terrorism,” Survival, Vol. 42, No. 1, Spring 2000. Soo Hoo, Kevin, Seymour Goodman, and Lawrence Greenberg, “Information Technology and the Terrorist Threat,” Survival, Vol. 39, No. 3, Autumn 1997, pp. 135–155. Stanton, John J., “A Typical Pentagon Agency Waging War on Terrorism,” National Defense, May 2000. Stern, Jessica, “Pakistan’s Jihad Culture,” Foreign Affairs, November/ December 2000, pp. 115–126. “Terrorist Threats Target Asia,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, Vol. 12, No. 7, July 1, 2000. Thompson, James D., Organizations in Action, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Whine, Michael, “Islamist Organizations on the Internet,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 11, No. 1, Spring 1999. Wilkinson, P., “Terrorism: International Dimensions,” in W. Gutteridge, ed., Contemporary Terrorism, New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986. 1 The netwar concept is explained and discussed more thoroughly in Chapter One of this volume. 2 In 1961, Burns and Stalker referred to the organic form as “a network structure of control, authority, and communication,” with “lateral rather than vertical direction of communication.” In organic structure, omniscience [is] no longer imputed to the head of the concern; knowledge about the technical or commercial nature of the here and now task may be located anywhere in the network; [with] this location becoming the ad hoc centre of control authority and communication. 3 The traditional, more bureaucratic groups have survived partly through support from states such as Syria, Libya, and Iran. These groups—such as the Abu Nidal Organization, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), and three PFLP-related splinters (the PFLP-General Command, the Palestine Liberation Front, and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine)—retain an ability to train and prepare for terrorist missions; however, their involvement in actual operations has been limited in recent years, partly because of counterterrorism campaigns by Israeli and Western agencies and the ongoing peace process. 4 Bin Laden allegedly sent operatives to Yemen to bomb a hotel used by American soldiers on their way to Somalia in 1992, plotted to assassinate President Bill Clinton in the Philippines in 1994 and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in 1995, and
Page 3 and 4: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
Page 5 and 6: To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
Page 7 and 8: Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
Page 9 and 10: Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 11 and 12: must continue to keep an eye on the
Page 13 and 14: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
Page 15 and 16: as a looming mode of military confl
Page 17 and 18: With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
Page 19 and 20: of any node included in it, may be
Page 21 and 22: more about technology than organiza
Page 23 and 24: charged with taking care of specifi
Page 25 and 26: The limits on some successes and th
Page 27 and 28: the rise of netwar should prompt a
Page 29 and 30: Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
Page 31 and 32: 9 This is just a short exemplary st
Page 33 and 34: Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
Page 35 and 36: The Emergence of Networked Terroris
Page 37 and 38: integration of communication and co
Page 39 and 40: technologies such as encryption all
Page 41 and 42: (Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
Page 43 and 44: terrorists who rely on the Internet
Page 45 and 46: Future Developments in Information-
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
Page 49 and 50: hire,” and the availability of ef
Page 51: www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
Page 55 and 56: Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
Page 57 and 58: Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
Page 59 and 60: policymakers concerned with develop
Page 61 and 62: there are relatively strong, direct
Page 63 and 64: Other networks will have a more end
Page 65 and 66: network a capacity to operate with
Page 67 and 68: deals. The importance of these netw
Page 69 and 70: The specific connections that facil
Page 71 and 72: superiority—the equivalent of an
Page 73 and 74: was a fascinating mix. It included
Page 75 and 76: elationships between the Christian
Page 77 and 78: organizations have hierarchical str
Page 79 and 80: example, in identifying some of the
Page 81 and 82: provide an important value-added ap
Page 83 and 84: Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
Page 85 and 86: changes benefit from these new tech
Page 87 and 88: outside of the realm of true terror
Page 89 and 90: hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
Page 91 and 92: millennialist cults and such transn
Page 93 and 94: For the most part, these gangs are
Page 95 and 96: attling gangs in Cape Town and the
Page 97 and 98: Colombian cartels, and the imprison
Page 99 and 100: unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
Page 101 and 102: esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
Page 103 and 104:
23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
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Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
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Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
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Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
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years and fines of up to $5,000 for
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Massachusetts. The “selective pur
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central in using electronic communi
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THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
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Students at Harvard tapped into the
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eleased a list of their suppliers f
Page 123 and 124:
Simons was in his high school Amnes
Page 125 and 126:
Case studies and an Internet activi
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when a campaign scores successes. T
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transmit, almost in real-time, debr
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warning was made virtually unanimou
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7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
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investment, the standard of living
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Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
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hierarchical layer—at least initi
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Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
Page 143 and 144:
Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
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Acting in tandem with these organiz
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only to the conflict in Chiapas but
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comment outside as well as inside M
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and political ideals and similar co
Page 153 and 154:
Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Ef
Page 155 and 156:
Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
Page 157 and 158:
The success of that networking was
Page 159 and 160:
outlining their strategies and tact
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conference, rather than the success
Page 163 and 164:
vandalism and nearly all of the loo
Page 165 and 166:
direct transmissions from roving in
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Network planned to shut down the WT
Page 169 and 170:
gas was an attempt to expand and re
Page 171 and 172:
Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
Page 173 and 174:
The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
Page 175 and 176:
of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
Page 177 and 178:
for the four hours that President C
Page 179 and 180:
Around midnight, the disorder had d
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vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
Page 183 and 184:
summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 187 and 188:
The following sections discuss and
Page 189 and 190:
including Western news sites. In Ap
Page 191 and 192:
devastation, the latter caused not
Page 193 and 194:
Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
Page 195 and 196:
open.” On the downside, some post
Page 197 and 198:
independence, sustained air strikes
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about an esoteric bank regulation,
Page 201 and 202:
generate so much traffic against th
Page 203 and 204:
actions to defend against an attack
Page 205 and 206:
on three continents. Chris Ellison,
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purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
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eported intrusions from outsiders.
Page 211 and 212:
In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
Page 213 and 214:
Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
Page 215 and 216:
policymakers. It supports both open
Page 217 and 218:
37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
Page 219 and 220:
89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
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enough expert agreement to support
Page 225 and 226:
While the press often picks out an
Page 227 and 228:
It is not only those famed as evang
Page 229 and 230:
and united counteraction by the “
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ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
Page 233 and 234:
pass a bill to establish the Bounda
Page 235 and 236:
Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
Page 239 and 240:
and “have-nots” portends a new
Page 241 and 242:
Classic studies concern topics like
Page 243 and 244:
still do) as to precisely what is a
Page 245 and 246:
also characterize some sprawling te
Page 247 and 248:
speed. It shows that such a partner
Page 249 and 250:
and social scenes of Medellin and C
Page 251 and 252:
depend on the existence of shared p
Page 253 and 254:
gas and clubs, another would move i
Page 255 and 256:
from other interesting cases of net
Page 257 and 258:
THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
Page 259 and 260:
But today’s concept of globalizat
Page 261 and 262:
Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
Page 263 and 264:
world today, we see little sustaine
Page 265 and 266:
Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
Page 267 and 268:
Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
Page 269 and 270:
Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
Page 271 and 272:
22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
Page 273 and 274:
02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
Page 275 and 276:
AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
Page 277 and 278:
was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
Page 279 and 280:
Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
Page 281 and 282:
CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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