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Deterrence and coercion will not disappear entirely as tools of statecraft; but, more and more often, suasion will have to be tried, as our understanding of the limited usefulness of force grows ever clearer. BIBLIOGRAPHY Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, The Advent of Netwar, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, MR-789-OSD, 1996. Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward an American Information Strategy, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, MR-1033-OSD, 1999. Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, Swarming and the Future of Conflict, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, DB-311-OSD, 2000. Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, eds., In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, MR-880-OSD/RC, 1997. Barkun, Michael, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement, Revised edition, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Beam, Louis, “Leaderless Resistance,” The Seditionist, Issue 12, February 1992 (text can sometimes be located at www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm). Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications (revised edition), New York: George Braziller, 1968. Brin, David, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1998. Brown, John Seely, and Paul Duguid, The Social Life of Information, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000. Burghardt, Tom, Leaderless Resistance and the Oklahoma City Bombing, San Francisco: Bay Area Coalition for Our Reproductive Rights (BACORR), April 1995a. Burghardt, Tom, Dialectics of Terror: A National Directory of the Direct Action Anti-Abortion Movement and Their Allies, San Francisco: Bay Area Coalition for Our Reproductive Rights (BACORR), October 1995b. Burns, Tom, and G. M. Stalker, The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock, 1961. Burt, Ronald S., Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992. Capra, Fritjof, The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems, New York: Anchor Books, 1996. Carothers, Thomas, “Civil Society,” Foreign Policy, No. 117, Winter 1999–2000, pp. 18– 29.
Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939, London: Macmillan, 1939. Castells, Manuel, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. I, The Rise of the Network Society, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. Castells, Manuel, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. III, End of the Millennium, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. Cebrowski, Vice Admiral Arthur, and John Garstka, “Network-Centric Warfare,” Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 1998, pp. 28–35. Chayes, Antonia Handler, Abram Chayes, and George Raach, “Beyond Reform: Restructuring for More Effective Conflict Intervention,” Global Governance, Vol. 3, No. 2, May–August 1997, pp. 117–145. Clark, Ann Marie, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler, “The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women,” World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1, October 1998, pp. 1–35. Cohen, Roger, “Who Really Brought Down Milosevic,” The New York Times Magazine, November 26, 2000, pp. 43–47, 118, 148. Copeland, Thomas E., ed., The Information Revolution and National Security, Carlisle, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2000. Coyne, Kevin P., and Renée Dye, “The Competitive Dynamics of Network-Based Businesses,” Harvard Business Review, January– February 1998, pp. 99–109. Dertouzos, Michael, What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives, San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1997. DeSanctis, Gerardine, and Janet Fulk, eds., Shaping Organizational Form: Communication, Connection, and Community, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1999. Evan, William M., “An Organization-Set Model of Interorganizational Relations,” in Matthew Tuite, Roger Chisholm, and Michael Radnor, eds., Interorganizational Decisionmaking, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1972, pp. 181–200. Evans, Philip B., and Thomas S. Wurster, “Strategy and the New Economics of Information,” Harvard Business Review, September– October 1997, pp. 71–82. Florini, Ann, “The End of Secrecy,” Foreign Policy, No. 111, Summer 1998, pp. 50–63. Florini, Ann M., ed., The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000. Freeman, Linton C., “Visualizing Social Networks,” Journal of Social Structure, Vol. 1, No. 1, February 4, 2000, available only online, www.heinz.cmu.edu/project/INSNA/joss/vsn.html. Fukuyama, Frank, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social
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The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
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To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
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Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
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Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
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must continue to keep an eye on the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
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as a looming mode of military confl
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With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
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of any node included in it, may be
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more about technology than organiza
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charged with taking care of specifi
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The limits on some successes and th
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the rise of netwar should prompt a
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Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
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9 This is just a short exemplary st
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Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
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The Emergence of Networked Terroris
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integration of communication and co
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technologies such as encryption all
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(Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
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terrorists who rely on the Internet
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Future Developments in Information-
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Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
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hire,” and the availability of ef
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www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
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Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
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Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
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Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
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policymakers concerned with develop
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there are relatively strong, direct
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Other networks will have a more end
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network a capacity to operate with
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deals. The importance of these netw
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The specific connections that facil
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superiority—the equivalent of an
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was a fascinating mix. It included
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elationships between the Christian
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organizations have hierarchical str
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example, in identifying some of the
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provide an important value-added ap
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Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
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changes benefit from these new tech
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outside of the realm of true terror
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hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
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millennialist cults and such transn
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For the most part, these gangs are
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attling gangs in Cape Town and the
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Colombian cartels, and the imprison
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unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
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esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
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23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
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Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
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Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
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Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
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years and fines of up to $5,000 for
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Massachusetts. The “selective pur
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central in using electronic communi
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THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
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Students at Harvard tapped into the
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eleased a list of their suppliers f
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Simons was in his high school Amnes
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Case studies and an Internet activi
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when a campaign scores successes. T
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transmit, almost in real-time, debr
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warning was made virtually unanimou
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7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
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investment, the standard of living
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Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
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hierarchical layer—at least initi
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Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
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Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
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Acting in tandem with these organiz
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only to the conflict in Chiapas but
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comment outside as well as inside M
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and political ideals and similar co
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Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Ef
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Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
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The success of that networking was
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outlining their strategies and tact
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conference, rather than the success
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vandalism and nearly all of the loo
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direct transmissions from roving in
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Network planned to shut down the WT
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gas was an attempt to expand and re
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Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
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The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
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of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
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for the four hours that President C
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Around midnight, the disorder had d
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vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
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summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
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Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
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The following sections discuss and
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including Western news sites. In Ap
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devastation, the latter caused not
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Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
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open.” On the downside, some post
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independence, sustained air strikes
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about an esoteric bank regulation,
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generate so much traffic against th
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actions to defend against an attack
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on three continents. Chris Ellison,
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purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
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eported intrusions from outsiders.
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In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
Page 213 and 214: Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
Page 215 and 216: policymakers. It supports both open
Page 217 and 218: 37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
Page 219 and 220: 89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
Page 221 and 222: Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
Page 223 and 224: enough expert agreement to support
Page 225 and 226: While the press often picks out an
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Page 231 and 232: ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
Page 233 and 234: pass a bill to establish the Bounda
Page 235 and 236: Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
Page 237 and 238: Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
Page 239 and 240: and “have-nots” portends a new
Page 241 and 242: Classic studies concern topics like
Page 243 and 244: still do) as to precisely what is a
Page 245 and 246: also characterize some sprawling te
Page 247 and 248: speed. It shows that such a partner
Page 249 and 250: and social scenes of Medellin and C
Page 251 and 252: depend on the existence of shared p
Page 253 and 254: gas and clubs, another would move i
Page 255 and 256: from other interesting cases of net
Page 257 and 258: THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
Page 259 and 260: But today’s concept of globalizat
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
Page 263: world today, we see little sustaine
Page 267 and 268: Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
Page 269 and 270: Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
Page 271 and 272: 22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
Page 273 and 274: 02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
Page 275 and 276: AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
Page 277 and 278: was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
Page 279 and 280: Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
Page 281 and 282: CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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