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Environmental Activism.” Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, San Francisco, March 14–16. Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn. 1997. Green Backlash: The History and Politics of Environmental Opposition in the U.S. Boulder, Colo., Lynne Rienner. Western States Center. 1993. “Inside the 1993 Wise Use Leadership Project.” Western Horizons, newsletter of the Wise Use Public Exposure Project’s Grassroots Information Network, Vol. 1, No. 3, special issue, September. Western States Center, 522 S.W. 5th Ave., Suite 1390, Portland, Oreg., 97204, in collaboration with the Montana State AFL-CIO, P.O. Box 1176, Helena, Mont., 59624. Web Addresses Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise (www.cdfe.org) Earth First! (www.envirolink.org/orgs/ef) The Environmental Protection Information Center (www.igc.org/epic/) Environment ’97 (www.environment97.org/framed/village/index.html) The Heartland Institute (www.heartland.org) Independent Media Center (http://indymedia.org) Natural Resources Defense Council (www.nrdc.org/field/enashrae/html) Protest.Net (www.protest.net) Public Good Project (http://nwcitizen.com/publicgood) Sierra Club (www.sierraclub.org/human-rights) Z Net (www.zmag.org/Globalism/GlobalEcon.html) 1 Luther Gerlach thanks Jo Freeman for her skillful assistance in editing this paper. 2 In being so differentiated in structure and role, these movement segments are unlike the segments of classical segmentary lineage systems in “tribal” Africa, which are like each other and unspecialized. 3 Ron Arnold, personal communication, 1998. 4 Web site addresses are listed at the end of this chapter. 5 See http://indymedia.org and http://www.zmag.org/globalism/globalecon.htm. 6 From the web site for the Sierra Club’s human rights campaign. 7 David S. Jackson, “When ELF Comes Calling,” Time, January 15, 2001, p. 35.
Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS AND NETWARS? David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla Editors’ abstract. As with other new modes of conflict, the practice of netwar is ahead of theory. In this concluding chapter, we suggest how the theory of netwar may be improved by drawing upon academic perspectives on networks, especially those devoted to organizational network analysis. Meanwhile, strategists and policymakers in Washington, and elsewhere, have begun to discern the dark side of the network phenomenon, especially among terrorist and criminal organizations. But they still have much work to do to harness the bright side, by formulating strategies that will enable state and civil-society actors to work together better. THE SPREAD OF NETWORK FORMS OF ORGANIZATION The deep dynamic guiding our analysis is that the information revolution favors the rise of network forms of organization. The network appears to be the next major form of organization—long after tribes, hierarchies, and markets—to come into its own to redefine societies, and in so doing, the nature of conflict and cooperation. As noted in the introductory chapter, the term netwar calls attention to the prospect that networkbased conflict and crime will be major phenomena in the years ahead. The chapters in this volume provide early evidence for this. Changes for the Better The rise of networks is bringing many changes for the better. Some hold out the promise of reshaping specific sectors of society, as in writings about the promises of “electronic democracy,” “networked corporations,” “global civil society,” and even “network-centric warfare.” 1 Other likely effects are broader and portend the reshaping of societies as a whole, such that writers herald the coming of “the network society,” “the network age,” and even the redefinition of “nations as networks.” 2 In addition, key academic studies of globalization revolve around observations about the growth of global networks and their interconnection with networks at local levels of society. 3 Many writings are speculative, but others, particularly in the business world, are usually quite practical, inquiring into exactly what kinds of network structures and processes work, and which do not. 4 At a grand theoretical level, age-old ideas about life as a “great chain of being” or as a progression of nested hierarchies are giving way to new ideas that networks are the key to understanding all of life. Here, theorists argue that hierarchies or networks (or markets, for that matter) are mankind’s finest form of organization, and that one or the other design underlies essentially all order in the world. In the social sciences, for
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The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
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To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
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Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
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Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
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must continue to keep an eye on the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
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as a looming mode of military confl
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With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
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of any node included in it, may be
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more about technology than organiza
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charged with taking care of specifi
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The limits on some successes and th
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the rise of netwar should prompt a
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Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
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9 This is just a short exemplary st
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Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
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The Emergence of Networked Terroris
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integration of communication and co
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technologies such as encryption all
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(Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
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terrorists who rely on the Internet
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Future Developments in Information-
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Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
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hire,” and the availability of ef
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www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
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Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
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Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
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Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
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policymakers concerned with develop
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there are relatively strong, direct
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Other networks will have a more end
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network a capacity to operate with
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deals. The importance of these netw
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The specific connections that facil
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superiority—the equivalent of an
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was a fascinating mix. It included
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elationships between the Christian
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organizations have hierarchical str
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example, in identifying some of the
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provide an important value-added ap
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Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
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changes benefit from these new tech
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outside of the realm of true terror
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hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
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millennialist cults and such transn
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For the most part, these gangs are
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attling gangs in Cape Town and the
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Colombian cartels, and the imprison
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unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
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esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
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23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
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Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
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Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
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Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
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years and fines of up to $5,000 for
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Massachusetts. The “selective pur
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central in using electronic communi
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THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
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Students at Harvard tapped into the
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eleased a list of their suppliers f
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Simons was in his high school Amnes
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Case studies and an Internet activi
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when a campaign scores successes. T
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transmit, almost in real-time, debr
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warning was made virtually unanimou
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7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
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investment, the standard of living
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Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
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hierarchical layer—at least initi
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Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
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Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
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Acting in tandem with these organiz
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only to the conflict in Chiapas but
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comment outside as well as inside M
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and political ideals and similar co
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Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Ef
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Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
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The success of that networking was
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outlining their strategies and tact
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conference, rather than the success
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vandalism and nearly all of the loo
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direct transmissions from roving in
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Network planned to shut down the WT
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gas was an attempt to expand and re
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Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
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The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
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of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
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for the four hours that President C
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Around midnight, the disorder had d
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vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
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summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
Page 185 and 186: Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 187 and 188: The following sections discuss and
Page 189 and 190: including Western news sites. In Ap
Page 191 and 192: devastation, the latter caused not
Page 193 and 194: Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
Page 195 and 196: open.” On the downside, some post
Page 197 and 198: independence, sustained air strikes
Page 199 and 200: about an esoteric bank regulation,
Page 201 and 202: generate so much traffic against th
Page 203 and 204: actions to defend against an attack
Page 205 and 206: on three continents. Chris Ellison,
Page 207 and 208: purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
Page 209 and 210: eported intrusions from outsiders.
Page 211 and 212: In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
Page 213 and 214: Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
Page 215 and 216: policymakers. It supports both open
Page 217 and 218: 37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
Page 219 and 220: 89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
Page 221 and 222: Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
Page 223 and 224: enough expert agreement to support
Page 225 and 226: While the press often picks out an
Page 227 and 228: It is not only those famed as evang
Page 229 and 230: and united counteraction by the “
Page 231 and 232: ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
Page 233 and 234: pass a bill to establish the Bounda
Page 235: Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
Page 239 and 240: and “have-nots” portends a new
Page 241 and 242: Classic studies concern topics like
Page 243 and 244: still do) as to precisely what is a
Page 245 and 246: also characterize some sprawling te
Page 247 and 248: speed. It shows that such a partner
Page 249 and 250: and social scenes of Medellin and C
Page 251 and 252: depend on the existence of shared p
Page 253 and 254: gas and clubs, another would move i
Page 255 and 256: from other interesting cases of net
Page 257 and 258: THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
Page 259 and 260: But today’s concept of globalizat
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
Page 263 and 264: world today, we see little sustaine
Page 265 and 266: Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
Page 267 and 268: Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
Page 269 and 270: Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
Page 271 and 272: 22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
Page 273 and 274: 02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
Page 275 and 276: AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
Page 277 and 278: was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
Page 279 and 280: Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
Page 281 and 282: CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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