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44–56. Hernandez, Luis, “The New Mayan War,” NACLA: Report on the Americas, Vol. 27, No. 5, March/April 1994b, pp. 6–10. Kelly, Kevin, Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization, New York: A William Patrick Book, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994. Lynch, Aaron, Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society, New York: Basic Books, 1996. Mathews, Jessica, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1, January/February 1997, pp. 50–66. Nash, June, “The Reassertion of Indigenous Identity: Mayan Responses to State Intervention in Chiapas,” Latin American Research Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1995, pp. 7– 41. Nugent, Daniel, “Northern Intellectuals and the EZLN,” Monthly Review, Vol. 47, No. 3, July–August 1995 (as circulated on the Internet). Prescott, W. H., A History of the Conquest of Mexico [1843], New York: Heritage, 1949. Reygadas Robles Gil, Rafael, “Espacio Civil por la Paz,” in Mario B. Monroy (ed.), Pensar Chiapas, Repensar México: Reflexiones de las ONGs Mexicanas, Mexico: Convergecia de Organismos Civiles por la Democracia, August 1994. Ronfeldt, David, Tribes, Institutions, Markets, Networks: A Framework About Societal Evolution, Santa Monica, Calif.: <strong>RAND</strong>, P-7967, 1996. Ronfeldt, David, Cathryn Thorup, Sergio Aguayo, and Howard Frederick, Restructuring Civil Society Across North America in the Information Age: New Networks for Immigration Advocacy Organizations, Santa Monica, Calif.: <strong>RAND</strong>, DRU-599-FF, 1993. Ross, John, Rebellion from the Roots: Indian Uprising in Chiapas, Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, 1995. Scott, David C., “NGOs Achieve Credibility in Mexico,” Crosslines Global Report, October 31, 1995 (http://burn.ucsd.edu/archives/ chiapas-l/1995.11/msg00013.html). Simon, Joel, “Netwar Could Make Mexico Ungovernable,” Pacific News Service, March 13, 1995. Slaughter, Anne-Marie, “The New World Order,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 5, September/October 1997, pp. 183–197. Stephens, John Lloyd, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan [1841], New York/London: Harper/Century, 1988. Taber, Robert, The War of the Flea, New York: Citadel, 1970. Tello Díaz, Carlos, La Rebelión de las Cañadas, Mexico City: Cal y Arena, 1995.
Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993. Van Cott, Donna Lee, Defiant Again: Indigenous Peoples and Latin American Security, McNair Paper 53, Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, October 1996. Wehling, Jason, “‘Netwars’ and Activists Power on the Internet,” March 25, 1995 (as circulated on the Internet in the abridged version, “‘Netwars’: Politics and the Internet,” August 7, 1995. The full version is posted at www.teleport.com/~jwehling/OtherNetwars.html). 1 On civil society and the NGOs, see Fox (1994) and Fox and Hernandez (1992). 2 Sources consulted include Collier (1994a, 1994b), Gossen (1994), Harvey (1994), Hernandez (1994a, 1994b), Nash (1995), and Ross (1995). Chiapas has a long history of rebelliousness over land issues and was viewed in Mexico City as being filled with truculent indios, according to a century-old but still interesting report by Stephens [1841] (1988). 3 In Guerrero and Oaxaca, the indigena cultures and structures were also not quite as strong, distinctive, and alienated from the Mexican government as they were in Chiapas. 4 Not much is done in this chapter with the point that tribal, hierarchical, and networked forms of organization have coexisted within the Zapatista movement. But for an explanation as to why this point may be significant, and a hint that more might be done with the point, see Ronfeldt (1996). 5 Here, the term NGO includes many nonprofit organizations (NPOs), private voluntary organizations (PVOs), and grassroots organizations (GROs). It does not include international governmental organizations (IGOs), and what are sometimes referred to as government-organized NGOs (GONGOs), government-inspired NGOs (GINGOs), and quasi-NGOs (QUANGOs). 6 Ronfeldt (1996) cites documentation for this general phenomenon. Mathews (1997) and Slaughter (1997) are significant additions to the literature. 7 Our background comes in part from Frederick (1993b) and other chapters in Ronfeldt et al. (1993). 8 CONPAZ was formed by 14 Mexican human-rights groups that were active in Chiapas before January. They came together because they were troubled by the outbreak of war, wanted to promote peace, knew they would be more influential if they united, and lacked funding to operate well independently. CONPAZ’s aims included coordinating the delivery of emergency supplies and services in the conflict zone, monitoring and denouncing human-rights violations, keeping up communication with affected communities, and generating international visibility for NGO activities. 9 Point adapted from writings by Mexican commentator Carlos Montemayor (e.g., “La Rebellion Indigena,” La Jornada Semanal, February 9, 1997). 10 For the Mexica, as the Aztecs referred to themselves, guerrilla tactics emerged naturally, as a way to counter the Spanish invaders’ advantages in firepower, cavalry, and body armor. As Prescott ([1843] 1949, p. 428) put it, “In the open field, they were no match for the Spaniards.” Yet this deficiency drove the Indians to innovate, even to diverge from their own military traditions. Thus, “The Mexica themselves were fighting a different kind of war … all just fought as best they could, without many orders, but with instinctive discipline” (Thomas, 1993, p. 400). This drove the conquistadors to make doctrinal adjustments of their own, the most prominent being a shift from their traditional close-packed formations to what Díaz ([1568], 1963, pp. 353, 364) recalled, in his memoir, as a more loosely knit “skirmishing” approach. This was made necessary by the firepower of the guerrilla bands: “The enemy discharged so many stones from their slings, so
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The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
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To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
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Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
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Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
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must continue to keep an eye on the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
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as a looming mode of military confl
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With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
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of any node included in it, may be
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more about technology than organiza
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charged with taking care of specifi
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The limits on some successes and th
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the rise of netwar should prompt a
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Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
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9 This is just a short exemplary st
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Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
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The Emergence of Networked Terroris
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integration of communication and co
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technologies such as encryption all
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(Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
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terrorists who rely on the Internet
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Future Developments in Information-
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Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
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hire,” and the availability of ef
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www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
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Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
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Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
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Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
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policymakers concerned with develop
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there are relatively strong, direct
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Other networks will have a more end
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network a capacity to operate with
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deals. The importance of these netw
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The specific connections that facil
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superiority—the equivalent of an
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was a fascinating mix. It included
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elationships between the Christian
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organizations have hierarchical str
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example, in identifying some of the
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provide an important value-added ap
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Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
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changes benefit from these new tech
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outside of the realm of true terror
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hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
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millennialist cults and such transn
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For the most part, these gangs are
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attling gangs in Cape Town and the
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Colombian cartels, and the imprison
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unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
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esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
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Page 105 and 106: Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
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Page 109 and 110: Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
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Page 117 and 118: THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
Page 119 and 120: Students at Harvard tapped into the
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Page 123 and 124: Simons was in his high school Amnes
Page 125 and 126: Case studies and an Internet activi
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Page 129 and 130: transmit, almost in real-time, debr
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Page 133 and 134: 7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
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Page 137 and 138: Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
Page 139 and 140: hierarchical layer—at least initi
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Page 143 and 144: Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
Page 145 and 146: Acting in tandem with these organiz
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Page 151 and 152: and political ideals and similar co
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Page 157 and 158: The success of that networking was
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Page 177 and 178: for the four hours that President C
Page 179 and 180: Around midnight, the disorder had d
Page 181 and 182: vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
Page 183 and 184: summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
Page 185 and 186: Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 187 and 188: The following sections discuss and
Page 189 and 190: including Western news sites. In Ap
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Page 193 and 194: Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
Page 195 and 196: open.” On the downside, some post
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Page 201 and 202: generate so much traffic against th
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on three continents. Chris Ellison,
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purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
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eported intrusions from outsiders.
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In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
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Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
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policymakers. It supports both open
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37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
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89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
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Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
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enough expert agreement to support
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While the press often picks out an
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It is not only those famed as evang
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and united counteraction by the “
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ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
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pass a bill to establish the Bounda
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Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
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Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
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and “have-nots” portends a new
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Classic studies concern topics like
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still do) as to precisely what is a
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also characterize some sprawling te
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speed. It shows that such a partner
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and social scenes of Medellin and C
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depend on the existence of shared p
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gas and clubs, another would move i
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from other interesting cases of net
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THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
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But today’s concept of globalizat
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Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
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world today, we see little sustaine
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Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
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Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
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Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
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22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
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02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
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AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
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was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
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Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
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CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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