December 2000. Since assuming office, President Vicente Fox has energized a new peace initiative, released many imprisoned Zapatistas, and withdrawn army forces from some positions in the rebel zone. Subcomandante Marcos and the EZLN responded by expressing both hope and doubt, highlighted by a dramatic two-week march from Chiapas to Mexico City. Thus 2001 began with a traditional, theatrical political give-and-take between the government and the EZLN. Yet, the prospect of a renewed social netwar lingered in the background, fed by fresh disagreements between the Fox administration and the Zapatistas over indigenous-rights legislation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, “Cyberwar Is Coming!” Comparative Strategy, Vol. 12, No. 2, Summer 1993, pp. 141–165. Available as <strong>RAND</strong> reprint RP-223. Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, The Advent of Netwar, Santa Monica, Calif.: <strong>RAND</strong>, MR-789-OSD, 1996. Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt (eds.), In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age, Santa Monica, Calif.: <strong>RAND</strong>, MR-880-OSD/RC, 1997. Asprey, Robert, War in the Shadows, New York: Morrow, 1994. Brysk, Alison, “Acting Globally: International Relations and Indian Rights in Latin America,” paper presented at the XVII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Los Angeles, September 24–27, 1992. Castells, Manuel, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II, The Power of Identity, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1997. Castro Soto, Oscar, “Elementos Para un Analisis de Coyuntura y una Posible Estrategia desde las Clases Populares y las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales,” in Mario B. Monroy (ed.), Pensar Chiapas, Repensar México: Reflexiones de las ONGs Mexicanas, Mexico: Convergecia de Organismos Civiles por la Democracia, August 1994. Cleaver, Harry, “The Chiapas Uprising and the Future of Class Struggle in the New World Order,” for RIFF-RAFF, Padova, Italy, February 1994a (online at gopher://lanic.utexas.edu:70/11/la/ Mexico/). Cleaver, Harry, “Introduction,” in Editorial Collective, !Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 1994b (online at gopher://lanic.utexas.edu:70/11/la/Mexico/ Zapatistas/). Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle,” 1995, www.eco.utexas.edu/faculty/Cleaver/zaps.html, printed in John Holloway and Eloina Pelaez (eds.), Zapatista! Reinventing Revolution in Mexico, Sterling, Va.: Pluto Press, 1998, pp. 81–103.
Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Effect: The Internet and the Rise of an Alternative Political Fabric,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 51, No. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 621– 640. Collier, George, “Roots of the Rebellion in Chiapas,” Cultural Survival Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 1994a, pp. 14–18. Collier, George, with Elizabeth Lowery Quaratiello, BASTA! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas, A Food First Book, Oakland, Calif.: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1994b. Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, The Conquest of New Spain [1568], Baltimore: Penguin, 1963. Fox, Jonathan, “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico,” World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 2, January 1994, pp. 151–184. Fox, Jonathan, and Luis Hernandez, “Mexico’s Difficult Democracy: Grassroots Movements, NGOs and Local Government,” Alternatives, Vol. 17, 1992, pp. 165–208. Frederick, Howard, “Computer Networks and the Emergence of Global Civil Society,” in Linda Harasim (ed.), Global Networks: Computers and International Communication, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993a, pp. 283–295. Frederick, Howard, North America NGO Networking on Trade and Immigration: Computer Communications in Cross-Border Coalition-Building, Santa Monica, Calif.: <strong>RAND</strong>, DRU- 234-FF, 1993b. Frederick, Howard, Global Communication and International Relations, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1993c. Fuentes, Carlos, “Chiapas: Latin America’s First Post-Communist Rebellion,” New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 54–58. Gossen, Gary H., “Comments on the Zapatista Movement,” Cultural Survival Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 1994, pp. 19–21. Gray, Chris Hables, Postmodern War: The New Politics of Conflict, New York: The Guilford Press, 1997. Griffith, Samuel, Mao Tse-Tung on Guerrilla Warfare, New York: Praeger, 1961. Guevara, Che, Guerrilla Warfare [1960], Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985. Translated by J. P. Morray. Harvey, Neil, “Rebellion in Chiapas: Rural Reforms, Campesino Radicalism, and the Limits to Salinismo,” Transformation of Rural Mexico, Number 5, Ejido Research Project, La Jolla, Calif.: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994, pp. 1–43. Hernandez, Luis, “The Chiapas Uprising,” Transformation of Rural Mexico, Number 5, Ejido Research Project, La Jolla, Calif.: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994a, pp.
- Page 3 and 4:
The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
- Page 5 and 6:
To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
- Page 7 and 8:
Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
- Page 9 and 10:
Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
- Page 11 and 12:
must continue to keep an eye on the
- Page 13 and 14:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grate
- Page 15 and 16:
as a looming mode of military confl
- Page 17 and 18:
With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
- Page 19 and 20:
of any node included in it, may be
- Page 21 and 22:
more about technology than organiza
- Page 23 and 24:
charged with taking care of specifi
- Page 25 and 26:
The limits on some successes and th
- Page 27 and 28:
the rise of netwar should prompt a
- Page 29 and 30:
Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
- Page 31 and 32:
9 This is just a short exemplary st
- Page 33 and 34:
Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
- Page 35 and 36:
The Emergence of Networked Terroris
- Page 37 and 38:
integration of communication and co
- Page 39 and 40:
technologies such as encryption all
- Page 41 and 42:
(Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
- Page 43 and 44:
terrorists who rely on the Internet
- Page 45 and 46:
Future Developments in Information-
- Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
- Page 49 and 50:
hire,” and the availability of ef
- Page 51 and 52:
www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
- Page 53 and 54:
Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
- Page 55 and 56:
Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
- Page 57 and 58:
Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
- Page 59 and 60:
policymakers concerned with develop
- Page 61 and 62:
there are relatively strong, direct
- Page 63 and 64:
Other networks will have a more end
- Page 65 and 66:
network a capacity to operate with
- Page 67 and 68:
deals. The importance of these netw
- Page 69 and 70:
The specific connections that facil
- Page 71 and 72:
superiority—the equivalent of an
- Page 73 and 74:
was a fascinating mix. It included
- Page 75 and 76:
elationships between the Christian
- Page 77 and 78:
organizations have hierarchical str
- Page 79 and 80:
example, in identifying some of the
- Page 81 and 82:
provide an important value-added ap
- Page 83 and 84:
Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
- Page 85 and 86:
changes benefit from these new tech
- Page 87 and 88:
outside of the realm of true terror
- Page 89 and 90:
hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
- Page 91 and 92:
millennialist cults and such transn
- Page 93 and 94:
For the most part, these gangs are
- Page 95 and 96:
attling gangs in Cape Town and the
- Page 97 and 98:
Colombian cartels, and the imprison
- Page 99 and 100:
unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
- Page 101 and 102: esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
- Page 103 and 104: 23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
- Page 105 and 106: Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
- Page 107 and 108: Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
- Page 109 and 110: Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
- Page 111 and 112: years and fines of up to $5,000 for
- Page 113 and 114: Massachusetts. The “selective pur
- Page 115 and 116: central in using electronic communi
- Page 117 and 118: THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
- Page 119 and 120: Students at Harvard tapped into the
- Page 121 and 122: eleased a list of their suppliers f
- Page 123 and 124: Simons was in his high school Amnes
- Page 125 and 126: Case studies and an Internet activi
- Page 127 and 128: when a campaign scores successes. T
- Page 129 and 130: transmit, almost in real-time, debr
- Page 131 and 132: warning was made virtually unanimou
- Page 133 and 134: 7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
- Page 135 and 136: investment, the standard of living
- Page 137 and 138: Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
- Page 139 and 140: hierarchical layer—at least initi
- Page 141 and 142: Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
- Page 143 and 144: Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
- Page 145 and 146: Acting in tandem with these organiz
- Page 147 and 148: only to the conflict in Chiapas but
- Page 149 and 150: comment outside as well as inside M
- Page 151: and political ideals and similar co
- Page 155 and 156: Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
- Page 157 and 158: The success of that networking was
- Page 159 and 160: outlining their strategies and tact
- Page 161 and 162: conference, rather than the success
- Page 163 and 164: vandalism and nearly all of the loo
- Page 165 and 166: direct transmissions from roving in
- Page 167 and 168: Network planned to shut down the WT
- Page 169 and 170: gas was an attempt to expand and re
- Page 171 and 172: Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
- Page 173 and 174: The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
- Page 175 and 176: of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
- Page 177 and 178: for the four hours that President C
- Page 179 and 180: Around midnight, the disorder had d
- Page 181 and 182: vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
- Page 183 and 184: summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
- Page 185 and 186: Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
- Page 187 and 188: The following sections discuss and
- Page 189 and 190: including Western news sites. In Ap
- Page 191 and 192: devastation, the latter caused not
- Page 193 and 194: Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
- Page 195 and 196: open.” On the downside, some post
- Page 197 and 198: independence, sustained air strikes
- Page 199 and 200: about an esoteric bank regulation,
- Page 201 and 202: generate so much traffic against th
- Page 203 and 204:
actions to defend against an attack
- Page 205 and 206:
on three continents. Chris Ellison,
- Page 207 and 208:
purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
- Page 209 and 210:
eported intrusions from outsiders.
- Page 211 and 212:
In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
- Page 213 and 214:
Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
- Page 215 and 216:
policymakers. It supports both open
- Page 217 and 218:
37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
- Page 219 and 220:
89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
- Page 221 and 222:
Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
- Page 223 and 224:
enough expert agreement to support
- Page 225 and 226:
While the press often picks out an
- Page 227 and 228:
It is not only those famed as evang
- Page 229 and 230:
and united counteraction by the “
- Page 231 and 232:
ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
- Page 233 and 234:
pass a bill to establish the Bounda
- Page 235 and 236:
Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
- Page 237 and 238:
Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
- Page 239 and 240:
and “have-nots” portends a new
- Page 241 and 242:
Classic studies concern topics like
- Page 243 and 244:
still do) as to precisely what is a
- Page 245 and 246:
also characterize some sprawling te
- Page 247 and 248:
speed. It shows that such a partner
- Page 249 and 250:
and social scenes of Medellin and C
- Page 251 and 252:
depend on the existence of shared p
- Page 253 and 254:
gas and clubs, another would move i
- Page 255 and 256:
from other interesting cases of net
- Page 257 and 258:
THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
- Page 259 and 260:
But today’s concept of globalizat
- Page 261 and 262:
Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
- Page 263 and 264:
world today, we see little sustaine
- Page 265 and 266:
Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
- Page 267 and 268:
Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
- Page 269 and 270:
Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
- Page 271 and 272:
22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
- Page 273 and 274:
02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
- Page 275 and 276:
AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
- Page 277 and 278:
was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
- Page 279 and 280:
Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
- Page 281 and 282:
CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire